Welche Zusammenhänge bestehen zwischen dem fachspezifischen Professionswissen von Mathematiklehrkräften und ihrer Ausbildung sowie beruflichen Fortbildung?

Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag besch?ftigt sich aus der Perspektive von Theorien zum Kompetenzerwerb mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen dem fachspezifischen Professionswissen von Mathematiklehrkr?ften und ihrer Ausbildung und beruflichen Fortbildung. Dabei wurden institutionelle Unterschiede der Lehramtsausbildung wie auch individuelle Unterschiede im Studienerfolg, der Berufserfahrung und der besuchten beruflichen Fortbildungen untersucht. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten von 195 Mathematiklehrkr?ften, die an der COACTIV-Studie teilnahmen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich Lehrkr?fte unterschiedlicher Lehr?mter deutlich in ihrem professionellen Wissen unterscheiden und dass insbesondere der Erfolg im Studium mit besseren Leistungen im Fachwissen und im fachdidaktischen Wissen zusammen hing. Wir diskutieren Implikationen unserer Ergebnisse vor dem Hintergrund der Lehramtsausbildung und beruflicher Fortbildungen.      

Riskante Entscheidungen in der Sozialpädagogik

Jugendliche, die sich von den gesellschaftlich legitimierten Sozialisationsinstanzen Familie, Schule und Jugendhilfe abgewandt haben und für die stattdessen die Szenen an Bahnh?fen und anderen urbanen Orten zur dominanten Sozialisationsinstanz geworden sind, leben unter dem Risiko einer „Hyperinklusion“ in Milieus, die durch erhebliche soziale und gesundheitliche Gef?hrdungspotentiale gekennzeichnet sind. Die Frage nach der Legitimit?t und Angemessenheit sozialp?dagogischer Nicht-/Interventionen erh?lt hier eine besondere Brisanz. Eine theoretische Antwort auf diese Problemstellung l?sst sich aus Brumliks Konzeption der advokatorischen Ethik beziehen. Dort wird das Postulat begründet, dass p?dagogisches Handeln grunds?tzlich gleicherma?en an den Prinzipien der Integrit?t und der Bemündigung der Edukanden auszurichten sei; über die situative Realisierung dieser paradoxen Anforderung bestimme der Takt. Takt offenbart sich hier als L?sungsformel, mit der die P?dagogik den für sie typischen Handlungsparadoxien begegnet. Im Hinblick auf die konkrete sozialp?dagogische Praxis und die Gestaltung ihrer Bedingungen l?sst der Verweis auf den Takt jedoch viele Fragen offen. Der Beitrag versucht, den Begriff des Takts im Rahmen einer konkretisierenden Bestimmung von Randbedingungen, Handlungsmaximen und Gütekriterien sozialp?dagogischen Entscheidens n?her auszubuchstabieren. Die vorgeschlagenen L?sungen liegen in der Maximierung von Partizipation, Reflexivit?t, Variet?t und Reversibilit?t sowie in einer fortlaufenden Evaluierung von Entscheidungen unter Beteiligung der Betroffenen.     

Time to stop talking about ‘predatory journals’

Key points

• The term ‘predatory journal’ hides a wide range of scholarly publishing misconduct.
• The term ‘predatory journal’ unhelpfully bundles misconduct with poor quality.
• The term ‘predatory journal’ blinds us to important possibilities, needs, and questions arising in the developing scholarly landscape.
• The current scholarly publishing environment cannot rely on such a simplified classification of journals into predatory or not.

     

From visuo-motor interactions to imitation learning: behavioural and brain imaging studies

We review three areas of research and theory relating to the involvement of motor processing in action observation: behavioural studies on imitation learning, behavioural work on short-term visuomotor interactions, and related neurophysiological and neuroimaging work. A large number of behavioural studies now indicate bi-directional links between perception and action: visual processing can automatically induce related motor processes, and motor actions can direct future visual processing. The related concept of direct matching (Rizzolatti et al., 2001) does not, however, imply that observed actions are transduced into a corresponding motor representation that would guarantee an instant and accurate imitation. Rather, studies on the mirror neuron system indicate that action observation engages the observer's own motor prototype of the observed action. This allows for enhanced action recognition, imitation recognition, and, predominantly in humans, imitation and observational learning. Despite the clear impact of action observation on motor representations, recent neuroimaging work also indicates the overlap of imitation learning with processes of non-imitative skill acquisition.     

Biomechanics of elite recumbent handcycling: a case study

In the presented research, a kinematic and electromyographic study was performed on one world-class male elite handbiker (UCI class H3.2). Activity of 14 muscles of the upper body were measured with surface electromyography (EMG), and a motion analysis of the athlete’s movement was performed concurrently for different backrest positions, crank lengths, and crank heights at three power levels (130, 160 and 190 W). Kinematics in terms of elbow and wrist angle, muscular on-off timing, EMG amplitudes, and integrated EMG were calculated. Results showed that little changes occurred for kinematic parameters and changes in position led to a shift in muscular timing. However, no indication for immediate improvement to the athlete’s preferred original position could be observed.     

Der Zusammenhang von Schulleitungshandeln,Unterrichtsgestaltung und Lernerfolg

Indicators and instruments for determining and measuring school quality within inspection systems are usually based on frameworks for inspection. These frameworks rely heavily upon school and teacher effectiveness research. Thus, a central assumption is that the effectiveness and improvement-oriented school conditions, as measured within an inspection, are related to student achievement. It is unclear if this assumption really holds true, as empirical evidence is still lacking. This study uses data from a random sampling of schools (n = 37) and teachers (n = 1663) and the achievement data from students (n = 23,943) to validate the interpretations and uses of school inspection results regarding the factor school leadership. The study follows Kane’s argument-based approach for validation. Results reveal that principals of schools with recurrent high student achievement very often demonstrate instructional leadership. It is evident that these principals are also leading in a fundamentally different way from principals in schools with lower achievement in that they lead with the specific school context in mind. The study demonstrates that it is possible to make inferences from scores provided by school inspections and to generalize from them. However, this generalizability does not extend to making extrapolations or decisions based on these scores. The analyses make it clear that providing feedback solely on the strengths and weakness of a school is insufficient when it comes to stimulating school improvement through inspection.     

ADHD and reading disability in male adults: is there a connection?

The present study examined the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability (RD) in male adults. Participants were 120 men, of whom 24 were classified as having ADHD. The basis for the diagnosis was two self-report scales validated by interviews and background data. An extensive battery was used to assess phonological abilities and various aspects of reading skills. No differences were obtained between adults with and without ADHD on measures of either phonological processing skills or word decoding, indicating a low comorbidity with RD. This finding was valid even when different criteria were used to diagnose RD. However, the two groups differed in reading comprehension, with individuals with ADHD performing poorly in tests of reading comprehension. These results are compatible with the view that reading comprehension involves many of the higher cognitive control functions assumed to be impaired in ADHD. However, these attentional control functions are not critical to word recognition, which is determined by a more encapsulated phonological processing module. The pattern of associations between ADHD and RD observed in the present study is explained with reference to the differential attentional demands of the two aspects of reading.     

Value orientations and action conflicts in students’ everyday life: An interview study

The assumption that today’s German students are able to successfully combine synthesis achievement values and well-being values appears to be overly optimistic when regarded from the perspective of motivational psychology. The results of a qualitative-quantitative interview study with 25 students indicate that achievement and well-being values may come into conflict in everyday life. Incentives for achievement and well-being rarely co-occur in the same action domains. Whereas the school context is dominated by achievement incentives, leisure time is dominated by well-being incentives. Since both achievement and well-being are appreciated by most students, they should be prone to experience frequent everyday action conflicts. The motivational characteristics of postdecisional action conflicts are described on the phenomenal level and their possible impairing effects for learning processes are pointed out. Finally, alternative forms of value synthesis, which might be realized more successfully, are discussed.     

Effects of a training intervention to foster argumentation skills while processing conflicting scientific positions

Argumentation skills play a crucial role in science education and in preparing school students to act as informed citizens. While processing conflicting scientific positions regarding topics such as sustainable development in the domain of ecology, argumentation skills such as evaluating arguments or supporting theories with evidence are beneficial for developing deep understanding and well-grounded conclusions. We developed a 50-min training intervention to foster argumentation skills in the domain of ecology on topics related to sustainable development and analyzed its effects in a control-group design: (a) training intervention to foster argumentation skills (n = 41), (b) no such training intervention (n = 42). Results showed that this short-term training intervention successfully fostered three components of argumentation skills (i.e., evaluative knowledge, generative knowledge, and argument quality) and declarative knowledge about argumentation. The positive effect on declarative knowledge was stable 1 week after the training and it was mediated by learning processes during the training intervention: self-explaining the principles of argumentation underlying the video-based examples mediated the effect on declarative knowledge 1 week after the training. In short, the training intervention is an effective instructional method to enhance argumentation skills as well as declarative knowledge about argumentation.