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241.
This study evaluated exact testing (Agresti, 1992) as a method for conducting Mantel-Haenszel DIF analyses (Holland & Thayer, 1988) with relatively small samples. Sample-size restrictions limit the standard asymptotic Mantel-Haenszel for many practical applications; however, new developments in computing technology have made exact testing procedures feasible. The highly discrete distributions that are likely to occur in small-sample DIF analyses could yield very different results for asymptotic versus exact methods. It is therefore important to determine under controlled conditions the extent to which the exact approach is effective in correctly identifying DIF. A series of computer simulations were conducted in which 3 levels of induced bias (IRT b -parameter differences between groups of .25, .50, and .75) and 4 sample sizes (reference group = 500, focal group = 25, 50, 100, and 200) were investigated. Power comparisons at .01 and .05 alpha levels were carried out between the exact testing procedure and the conventional Mantel-Haenszel 相似文献
242.
243.
Timothy B. Smith Brenda Dean Suzanne Floyd Christopher Silva Momoko Yamashita Jared Durtschi Richard A. Heaps 《Journal of College Counseling》2007,10(1):64-78
The authors conducted a survey of members of the American College Counseling Association to ascertain the experiences and opinions of college counselors on several pressing issues within the college counseling profession. Survey results from 133 respondents indicated that counseling centers may benefit from increasing the number of group counseling interventions by increasing the multicultural competence of services provided, by implementing crisis/disaster mental health initiatives, and by more effectively consulting with other professionals on campus. 相似文献
244.
Nathan A. Fox Kenneth H. Rubin Susan D. Calkins Timothy R. Marshall Robert J. Coplan Stephen W. Porges James M. Long Shannon Stewart 《Child development》1995,66(6):1770-1784
The pattern of frontal activation as measured by the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) may be a marker for individual differences in infant and adult disposition to respond with either positive or negative affect. We studied 48 4-year-old children who were first observed in same-sex quartets during free-play sessions, while making speeches, and during a ticket-sorting task. Social and interactive behaviors were coded from these sessions. Each child was subsequently seen 2 weeks later when EEG was recorded while the child attended to a visual stimulus. The pattern of EEG activation computed from the session was significantly related to the child's behavior in the quartet session. Children who displayed social competence (high degree of social initiations and positive affect) exhibited greater relative left frontal activation, while children who displayed social withdrawal (isolated, onlooking, and unoccupied behavior) during the play session exhibited greater relative right frontal activation. Differences among children in frontal asymmetry were a function of power in the left frontal region. These EEG/behavior findings suggest that resting frontal asymmetry may be a marker for certain temperamental dispositions. 相似文献
245.
Reading is seen as a communication process, a meaningful interaction between the reader and his reading text. A number of factors are known to affect this interaction. One prominent factor is the type of text being read. That is, reader strategies may vary in relation to text characteristics. This study used miscue analysis to find out patterns of reader strategies on two types of texts: a syntactically complex and high vocabulary loaded text and a syntactically simple and low vocabulary loaded text. To this end, cloze tests of passages derived from two versions of a newspaper editorial completed by twenty undergraduate education students from the University of Jos were analysed. The results indicated that the readers of the difficult text had less access to semantic and syntactic cues than the readers of the simplified text. Readers for whom the difficult text was on frustration level made less use of context than did readers for whom the same text was on instructional level. There was very little difference in quality of miscues by readers of the simplified text reading on independent level as compared with those reading the same text on instructional level. Readers who performed on instructional level on the difficult passage used similar reading strategies to those who performed on instructional level on the simplified passage. The implications of the findings for reading instruction were discussed. 相似文献
246.
Rats, trained in a runway, were asked to anticipate, while running slowly, the last two events in repeating series of .045-g food pellets. The series were either weakly monotonic (14, 5, 5, 1, and then 0 pellets/run) or nonmonotonic (5-5-14-1-0). While the terminal 0-pellet event was better anticipated in the weakly monotonic series, the reverse was the case for the next-to-last 1-pellet event. These findings were expected from a memory-discrimination learning hypothesis of serial learning, which suggests that the memory of one event in a series can be used to signal the next event. However, the better anticipation of the 1-pellet event by the nonmonotonic group was inconsistent with the recently stated rule-encoding position of Hulse (1980). According to that view, difficult series of the sort employed in the present investigation are learned by encoding the rule structure of the series, with events in the series with the simple rule structure (the weakly monotonic series in this investigation) being better anticipated than events in the series with the complex rule structure. 相似文献
247.
Ji Hoon Ryoo Timothy R. Konold Jeffrey D. Long Victoria J. Molfese Xin Zhou 《Structural equation modeling》2017,24(6):897-910
Applications of growth mixture modeling have become widespread in the fields of medicine, public health, and the social sciences for modeling linear and nonlinear patterns of change in longitudinal data with presumed heterogeneity with respect to latent group membership. However, in contrast to linear approaches, there has been relatively less focus on methods for modeling nonlinear change. We introduce a nonlinear mixture modeling approach for estimating change trajectories that rely on the use of fractional polynomials within a growth mixture modeling framework. Fractional polynomials allow for more parsimonious and flexible models in comparison to conventional polynomial models. The procedures are illustrated through the use of math ability scores obtained from 499 children over a period of 3 years, with 4 measurement occasions. Techniques for identifying the best empirically derived growth mixture model solution are also described and illustrated by way of substantive example and a simulation. 相似文献
248.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether naming speed makes a contribution to the prediction of reading comprehension,
after taking into account the product of word decoding and listening comprehension (i.e., the Simple View of Reading; [Gough,
P.B. & Tunmer, W.E. (1986). Remedial and Special Education 7, 6–10]), and phonological awareness. In grade 3, word decoding was measured with the Woodcock [(1998). Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests – Revised. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services]. Word Identification and Word Attack subtests, listening comprehension with
the Woodcock (1991) [Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery – Revised. Chicago: Riverside Publishing Company] test of Listening Comprehension, naming speed with a picture naming task, and 4 measures
assessed phonological awareness. Reading comprehension was assessed in grades 3, 4, and 5 with the Woodcock (1998) Passage
Comprehension subtest and in grade 5 with the Gates–MacGinitie reading test. The Simple View was evaluated twice: first, with
a pseudoword measure for decoding (Grapheme–Phoneme-conversion product) and, second, with a word identification measure for
decoding (word recognition product). Hierarchical regression and commonality analyses indicated that the decoding and listening
comprehension products accounted for considerable variance in reading comprehension. Naming speed had a small but significant
effect after accounting for the Grapheme–Phoneme-conversion product (2–3%), but little effect after accounting for the word-recognition
product (0–2%). Subgroup analyses indicated that naming speed had its primary effect for less able readers. Commonality analyses
supported the interpretation that naming speed contributes after the Grapheme–Phoneme-conversion product but not after the
word recognition product because naming speed has already had its effect upon word recognition. These results indicate that
it is important how the Simple View decoding term is defined, and that the Simple View may be incomplete, especially for less able readers. 相似文献
249.
SHIHTimothyK. CHANGRong-chi 《浙江大学学报(A卷英文版)》2005,6(6):487-491
INTRODUCTION Video sequences can be interfered with by noise.When the noise ratio of a video is high,even though itis not possible to restore the original,to repair videoframes or damaged artifacts with visually good resultis a hopefully achievable goal(see example in Fig.3),especially for archival resources in digital museumprojects.One of the simplest but efficient mecha-nisms is presented in(Oliveira et al.,2001).The dif-fusion kernel can repair damages of small area with abarrier to … 相似文献
250.
Analogical instruction within the information processing paradigm: effective means to facilitate learning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Research on the structure of memory has led to evidence that relating unfamiliar information to that which is familiar facilitates the new material's acquisition and retention; moreover, such associations can be efficiently achieved through the use of analogies. The present paper discusses the current information processing conceptualization of memory, the processes of learning by analogy, and the overall desired outcomes of their use to acquire and retain new information. Additionally, instructional implications of how, when, and why to use analogies are discussed. 相似文献