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111.
Imposition of a retention interval between cue-outcome pairings and testing can alleviate the retardation of conditioned responding induced by pretraining exposure to the cue (i.e., the CS-preexposure effect). However, recent studies have reported an enhanced effect of CS-preexposure treatment with longer retention intervals (De la Casa & Lubow, 2000, 2002; Lubow & De la Casa, 2002). In a series of conditioned barpress suppression studies with rats, we examined the effects of imposing a retention interval just prior to testing following either CS-preexposure (cue alone before cue-outcome pairings) or extinction (cue alone after cue-outcome pairings) treatments. Experiment 1 replicated in a different preparation recent reports of CS-preexposure treatment effects increasing with longer retention intervals. Experiment 2 showed that spontaneous recovery of stimulus control of behavior after extinction can be obtained with the same parameters as those used to observe the augmented effect of CS-preexposure treatment. In Experiment 3, both the augmented effect of CS-preexposure treatment and spontaneous recovery from extinction were found when we used, in place of a retention interval, an associative priming manipulation. 相似文献
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Hamilton A Wheeler QD 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):331-340
The history of science often has difficulty connecting with science at the lab-bench level, raising questions about the value of history of science for science. This essay offers a case study from taxonomy in which lessons learned about particular failings of numerical taxonomy (phenetics) in the second half of the twentieth century bear on the new movement toward DNA barcoding. In particular, it argues that an unwillingness to deal with messy theoretical questions in both cases leads to important problems in the theory and practice of identifying taxa. This argument makes use of scientific and historical considerations in a way that the authors hope leads to convincing conclusions about the history of taxonomy as well as about its present practice. 相似文献
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Recent evidence indicates that prior learning about a set of cues may determine how new cues are processed. If subjects are
taught that two reliable predictors of an outcome do not summate when the cues are presented together (i.e., subadditive pretraining),
the subjects will tend to show a less profound blocking effect when trained with different cues. Three experiments investigated
the conditions necessary for subadditive pretraining to generalize to new cues. Experiment 1 demonstrated that subadditive
pretraining is less effective in reducing blocking when it is experienced in a context other than that in which the blocking
training is experienced. In Experiment 2, the effectiveness of subadditive pretraining waned with time. Experiment 3 showed
that subadditive pretraining is more effective when the temporal characteristics of pretraining cues are similar to those
of the cues used in blocking training. These results provide information concerning the conditions under which learning will
generalize from one set of cues to another. 相似文献
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Richard Deni Robyn Martin Jennifer Wheeler Makin Josephine Longo Suzanne Andres 《Learning & behavior》1981,9(3):368-370
The social huddling of six litters of rat pups (Rattus norvegicus) was observed on Days 6–9 postpartum without the dam present. Each litter was reduced to three male and three female pups. Thirty-six pups were used as subjects (18 male, 18 female). Tests for the effects of sex of subject, age of subject, sex of littermate huddled against, and body orientation during huddling were carried out. Results indicated that subjects huddled against opposite-sex Uttermates more frequently than against same-sex littermates. Huddling was a curvilinear function of age, with average frequency of huddling reaching a peak on the second day of observation (Day 7 postpartum) and decreasing thereafter. Results also showed that subjects, regardless of sex, huddled using an orientation that allowed their heads to touch more frequently than an orientation in which the head was touching the body of a sibling. These data on early sex preference and body orientation pReferences during huddling suggest that rat pups are competent in aspects of behavior having attachment potential. The findings also help define the age of social competence in this species. 相似文献
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