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81.
Torbjörn Friberg 《Ethnography and Education》2016,11(3):345-358
As part of recent complex transformations, it seems that higher educational organisations are being forced to reorganise, standardise and streamline in order to survive in the new political and economic context. How are ethnographers in general going to approach these contemporary phenomena? By drawing on the conceptual history of anthropology, the aim of this article is to generate ethnographic-oriented research questions concerned with higher education. The first part of the article provides an ethnographic background, while the second part focuses on Paul Willis's reasoning on ethnographic imagination, as a prerequisite for generating alternative research questions. The third part makes explicit anthropologist Maurice Godelier's theoretical imagination, carving out some specific theoretical parts which may be used in the generating process. The conclusion then suggests a number of questions to be asked by future ethnographers of higher education. The questions are followed by a reflection upon the consequences of doing ethnography within contemporary higher education settings, which are increasingly dominated by policy-makers; ethnography is thus to be seen as an intervening instrument. 相似文献
82.
AbstractThis study investigated whether presenting a picture before reading can encourage situation-model construction. We compared two conditions (n?= 30) which differed in whether a picture of the initial situation described in a narrative text was presented before reading (i.e. pictorial-support condition) or not (i.e. no-picture condition). Situation-model construction was measured using both process- and product-oriented measures. Eye-tracking data indicated online resource allocation to the different levels of text representation: surface, textbase, and situation model. Literal text questions and inference questions were used as an offline indication of textbase and situation-model processing, respectively. The results showed that a picture presented before reading led to a redistribution of processing resources during reading, evidenced by a shift from textbase to situation-model processing. This attentional shift did not translate into higher comprehension scores. The results were interpreted in line with multimedia learning theories suggesting pictures can serve as a mental scaffold for situation-model construction. 相似文献
83.
This paper describes the convergence of libraries, archives, and museums in Germany from traditional brick-and-mortar institutions
to a digital memory institution on the Internet. An implementation of such a digital memory institution is BAM—the joint portal
of archives, libraries, and museums in Germany. BAM has the potential to serve as a single point of access to existing, but
separate offerings of the several branches of cultural heritage, e.g. union catalogs, and a great number of separate digitization
projects offering their content on the German Web. BAM can make an important contribution to the efforts of both the German
governments (federal and states) and the European Union, which are in the process of establishing portals to cultural content
on the Internet. The article gives an outline of the current undertakings and illustrates how the striving for ubiquitous
knowledge delivered by Internet portals relates to the scientific tradition of documentation in Europe. 相似文献
84.
Dace Reihmane Martin Gram Andreas Vigelsø Jørn Wulff Helge Flemming Dela 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1039-1046
Physical inactivity is a major contributor to low-grade systemic inflammation. Most of the studies characterizing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release from exercising legs have been done in young, healthy men, but studies on inactivity in older people are lacking. The impact of 14 days of one-leg immobilization (IM) on IL-6 and TNF-α release during exercise in comparison to the contralateral control (CON) leg was investigated. Fifteen healthy men (age 68.1?±?1.1?year (mean?±?SEM); BMI 27.0?±?0.4 kg·m2; VO2max 33.3?±?1.6 ml·kg?1·min?1) performed 45?min of two-leg dynamic knee extensor exercise at 19.5?±?0.9 W. Arterial and femoral venous blood samples from the CON and the IM legs were collected every 15?min during exercise, and thigh blood flow was measured with ultrasound Doppler. Arterial plasma IL-6 concentration increased with exercise (rest vs. 45?min, main effect p?.05). IL-6 release increased with exercise (rest vs. 30?min, main effect p?.05). Furthermore, IL-6 release was borderline (main effect, p?=?.085, effect size 0.28) higher in the IM leg compared to the CON leg (288 (95% CI: 213–373) vs. 220 (95% CI: 152–299) pg·min?1, respectively). There was no release of TNF-α in either leg and arterial concentrations remained unchanged during exercise (p?>?.05). In conclusion, exercise induces more pronounced IL-6 secretion in healthy older men. Two weeks of unilateral immobilization on the other hand had only a minor influence on IL-6 release. Neither immobilization nor exercise had an effect on TNF-α release across the working legs in older men. 相似文献
85.
Stine D. Søndergård Flemming Dela Jørn W. Helge 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(7):801-807
Actovegin, a deproteinized haemodialysate of calf blood, is suggested to have ergogenic properties, but this potential effect has never been investigated in human skeletal muscle. To investigate this purported ergogenic effect, we measured the mitochondrial respiratory capacity in permeabilized human skeletal muscle fibres acutely exposed to Actovegin in a low and in a high dose. We found that Actovegin, in the presence of complex I-linked substrates increased the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity significantly in a concentration-dependent manner (19?±?3, 31?±?4 and 45?±?4?pmol/mg/s). Maximal OXPHOS capacity with complex I and II-linked substrate was increased when the fibres were exposed to the high dose of Actovegin (62?±?6 and 77?±?6?pmol/mg/s) (p?.05). The respiratory capacity of the electron transfer system as well as Vmax and Km were also increased in a concentration-dependent manner after Actovegin exposure (70?±?6, 79?±?6 and 88?±?7?pmol/mg/s; 13?±?2, 25?±?3 and 37?±?4?pmol/mg/s; 0.08?±?0.02, 0.21?±?0.03 and 0.36?±?0.03?mM, respectively) (p?.05). In summary, we report for the first time that Actovegin has a marked effect on mitochondrial oxidative function in human skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial adaptations like this are also seen after a training program in human subjects. Whether this improvement translates into an ergogenic effect in athletes and thus reiterates the need to include Actovegin on the World Anti-Doping Agency's active list remains to be investigated. 相似文献
86.
Wirthwein Linda Sparfeldt Jörn R. Heyder Anke Buch Susanne R. Rost Detlef H. Steinmayr Ricarda 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2020,35(2):403-427
European Journal of Psychology of Education - Many studies have already found differences between male and female students in various motivational variables. With regard to the stereotypes... 相似文献
87.
Petter Bae Brandtzaeg Asbjørn Følstad María Ángeles Chaparro Domínguez 《Journalism Practice》2018,12(9):1109-1129
While services for fact-checking and verification to counter fake news in social media have increased, little research has investigated how journalists and the public perceive such services. This study reflects the outcomes of REVEAL, a three-year European Union research project investigating the use and impact of services for fact-checking and verification. Based on interviews with 32 young journalists and content analysis of social media users’ online conversations, we contribute new knowledge about the ways that journalists and social media users perceive online fact-checking and verification services. The findings suggest that, while young journalists were largely unfamiliar with or ambivalent about such services, they judged them as potentially useful in the investigative journalistic process. Yet, they were unwilling to rely exclusively on these tools for fact-checking and verification. A comparison of journalists’ perceptions with those of social media users reveals social media users are similarly ambivalent. Some accentuated the usefulness of such services, while others expressed strong distrust. However, the journalists displayed a more nuanced perspective, both seeing these services as potentially useful and being reluctant to blindly trust a single service. Design strategies to make online fact-checking and verification services more useful and trustworthy are suggested. 相似文献
88.
There is considerable interest in the potential non‐musical cognitive and academic benefits of music listening and instruction to children. This report describes three lines of research relevant to this issue, namely, the effects of: (1) focused music listening on subsequent task performance (the Mozart effect); (2) music instruction; and (3) background music listening. Research suggests that while Mozart effect studies have attracted considerable media attention, the effect cannot be reliably demonstrated in children. In contrast, music instruction confers consistent benefits for spatiotemporal reasoning skills; however, improvements in associated academic domains, such as arithmetic, have not been reliably shown. Finally, background music may calm and focus children with special education needs, thereby enhancing learning. Additional research is required to determine whether this effect is evident in normal populations. Overall, evidence for the non‐musical benefits of music listening and instruction is limited. The inherent value of music and music education should not be overlooked by narrowly focusing on cognitive and academic outcomes. 相似文献
89.
Bjørn Hamre Lotte Hedegaard-Sørensen Søren Langager 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2018,22(6):655-670
This article reports on a Danish study on interprofessional collaboration between child psychiatrists and educational psychologists concerning children who are categorised as being at risk. Methodologically, the analysis is grounded in qualitative interviews with psychologists. A Foucauldian approach is applied to narratives and experiences that occur within these interviews concerning external collaboration with child psychiatrists. The article is informed by the research tradition that has problematised the significance of psychiatry and diagnoses in the field of special needs education and social pedagogy. We thus enquire into how the rise of diagnostics and medicalisation affects our understanding of children's difficulties. We discuss a paradox that is present in Denmark and other countries. As educational policies emphasise inclusion, the field of schooling experiences a huge rise in children with medical diagnoses. We argue that diagnostic knowledge is itself an insufficient basis for action and must be considered in relation to teachers’ overall training and teachers’ situated professionalism. 相似文献
90.
The aim of this study was to examine whether attitudes about gay‐related name‐calling, social norms concerning gay‐related name‐calling among co‐students, teacher intervention, and school‐related support would predict whether secondary school pupils had called another pupil a gay‐related name during the last month. A total of 921 ninth‐grade pupils (aged 14 to 15 years) at 15 lower secondary schools from two regions in Norway participated in the study by filling out a questionnaire. A logistic regression analysis revealed that having a negative attitude toward calling someone gay‐related names was negatively associated with having called a pupil gay‐related names in the last month. However, having heard a pupil call another pupil gay‐related names at school was the variable that most powerfully predicted this behavior. These findings give certain grounds for optimism regarding the prevention of gay‐related name‐calling and indicate that preventive measures aimed at students’ awareness would probably make a difference. 相似文献