Educating Turkish Primary School Teachers in Visual Arts: the Past and the Future

Every educational system should meet certain criteria that establish quality in teaching and learning. These criteria are often provided by aims and objectives listed in school curricula. After describing and commenting on the history of school education in Turkey, the main question posed in this research is how to change the Turkish primary school education in visual arts so that its quality will improve. After analysing the situation, this work provides an outline of how this may be achieved. In the future, the insights gained may be very useful for an incorporation of European standards into the Turkish educational system.     

Reinforcing contingencies for sex-role behaviors in preschool children

Two groups of disadvantaged Afro-American children, a total of 30 boys and 25 girls, mean age about 42 months; and two groups of middle- and upper-middle-class children, most of them white, 35 boys and 31 girls, mean age about 44.5 months, were observed for patterns of sex-role-characteristic behavior and peer and teacher response to such behavior. At all times, the children in the two experimental groups were being taught by seven women and seven or eight men, about half of whom were Afro-American, half white-Anglo, and who were mixed in the two schools by race but evenly divided by sex. Boys engaged in 16% sex-characteristic behavior, 5.7% cross-sex behavior. The same figures for girls were 18 and 6%. There were no pattern or percentage differences by race or social status of children. Women teachers gave most of their sex-role connected rewards for feminine behavior to both boys and girls. Men teachers rewarded more equably, masculine behaviors for boys, feminine behaviors for girls. Children rewarded mainly their own sex, and gave rewards for sex characteristic behavior. The pattern was even clearer for boys than for girls. In Discussion, comparisons are made with other somewhat similar studies.     

Discourse as Representation of Design Thinking and Beyond: Considering the Tripod of Architecture–Media,Education, & Practice

Discourse is often considered as a taken-for-granted notion, however, it is already a representational genre of design thinking whether written/ unwritten, spoken/unspoken, designed/ undesigned, realised/unrealised. This article explores current architectural discourse to understand its relations with the design thinking transmitted through various modes of representations in media, education and practice, and to find out how such discourse might implicitly influence design ideas. The article argues that discourse, in this context, will stand as a product in itself in architectural culture. Moreover, a cross-view of today's architectural discourses will inform us about the present state of architecture, how contemporary architects express themselves or communicate from such points of view, and what might be the emergent issues and possibilities in architecture and design representation.     

Validation of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale–Short Form across different age groups in the Turkish context

A short 12-item version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale–Short Form (CAAS-SF) was validated across three different age groups in the Turkish context. Scale scores demonstrated adequate to high internal consistency and 4-week test–retest reliability, good fit with the original four-factor model, factorial invariance across gender and age groups, strong convergence with the 24-item version, negative associations with trait anxiety and work stress, and positive associations with career decision self-efficacy. It was concluded that the Turkish version of the CAAS-SF appears to be a valid and reliable measure for assessing career adaptability and using it in career education and counseling process.     

The effectiveness of web-based Mathematics instruction (WBMI) on K-16 students’ mathematics learning: a meta-analytic research

Education and Information Technologies - Given the increasing prevalence of web technology, web-based mathematics environments have been increasingly widely used in mathematics education for the...