美国对数字出版中侵权现象的应对措施

美国现有的版权法律条文不能有效地应对数字出版商们的忧虑.尽管数字作品可以享受和印刷作品同等的版权保护,我们似乎仍然需要新的法律条文和理论来应对数字作品和技术的特殊性质.在面对与数字侵权有关的问题上,美国通过立法、改进美国版权署的职能以及签订国际条约或协定,缓慢开始颁布一些关于数字侵权的条文.数字侵权虽然在庭审中得以应对,但法庭运用的是传统版权概念中的"合理使用"来分析数字侵权.目前,人们只能通过诉讼的方式迫使美国法庭建立一套能充分解决电子侵权的法律体系.     

Teachers' education, classroom quality, and young children's academic skills: results from seven studies of preschool programs

In an effort to provide high-quality preschool education, policymakers are increasingly requiring public preschool teachers to have at least a Bachelor's degree, preferably in early childhood education. Seven major studies of early care and education were used to predict classroom quality and children's academic outcomes from the educational attainment and major of teachers of 4-year-olds. The findings indicate largely null or contradictory associations, indicating that policies focused solely on increasing teachers' education will not suffice for improving classroom quality or maximizing children's academic gains. Instead, raising the effectiveness of early childhood education likely will require a broad range of professional development activities and supports targeted toward teachers' interactions with children.     

Factors influencing the incidence of utilization deficiencies and other patterns of recall/strategy-use relations in a strategic memory task

Factors that influence the incidence of utilization deficiencies and other recall/strategy-use patterns on a strategic memory task were evaluated in two hundred and fourteen 7- and 9-year-old children. Both utilization deficiencies and the incidence of children showing increases in both recall and strategy use over phases were more likely to be observed on phase transitions involving prompting or when different lists of items were included on consecutive trials; in contrast, increases in recall in the absence of increases in strategy use were more likely to be found between trials consisting of the same stimulus items. This research clearly indicates that patterns of recall/strategy-use relations, including utilization deficiencies, vary meaningfully with the age of the child and a variety of contextual factors.     

Fragile but real: children's capacity to use newly acquired words to convey preverbal memories

There is ongoing debate about children's ability to use subsequently acquired language to describe preverbal experiences. This issue was addressed experimentally in this investigation using a novel paradigm. Two-year-old children who lacked color words were individually taught to activate a bubble machine by selecting a particular color of bubble solution. The children then participated in weekly, experimenter-provided activities that fostered their acquisition of the color labels. After 2 months, their ability to apply the newly acquired words in reporting the original event was assessed. A significant proportion of the children demonstrated verbal recall when prompted in the presence of physical reminders of the event. These findings indicate that some early, preverbal memories are translated into words at a later time.     

Adolescents' cognitive and emotional responses to marital hostility

Early adolescents' (11-14 years) responses to marital hostility were examined in a sample of 416 families. The cognitive-contextual perspective and emotional security hypothesis guided the study and 9 adolescent responses were identified. Prospective associations were examined in several structural equation models that included adolescent problems as outcomes. Self-blame and perceived threat uniquely mediated the association between Year 1 marital hostility and Year 3 adolescent externalizing problems (p<.05). Self-blame, lower constructive representations, internalization of feelings, avoidance, and emotional dysregulation uniquely mediated the association between Year 1 marital hostility and Year 3 internalizing problems. Specific cognitive and emotionally based responses are important to understanding how martial hostility affects youth and need to be considered within an integrated model.     

维吾尔语谚语中对女性的矛盾观点

本文以维吾尔谚语中有关女性的丰富多彩的谚语为依据,分析维吾尔族对女性带有时而赞美、时而贬损色彩的矛盾的看法,说明历史上人们对女性的看法和评价,指出这种矛盾的看法存在于生活的方方面面,渗透到社会家庭生活的深层。     

论析小说

小说是文学的一种题裁,即文学分小说和诗歌两类。小说也称散文体作品、非韵文体作品。小说的主要描写方法是散文体形式描写方法或非韵文体描写方法。小说也分抒情和叙事两种。从古至今,小说像诗歌一样遵守一定的规律而发展,以后的发展也必须遵守严格的规律和标准。     

新疆高区域经济增长与大学毕业生就业问题研究

随着市场机制和国家用人制度的变化,新疆少数民族高校毕业生在就业问题上遇到了新的挑战和困难,就业问题表现得十分突出。本文分析由于新疆地区间经济增长存在的较大差距对少数民族高校毕业生的影响,并提出解决就业问题的具体对策。     

浅析我国公民收入分配现状及调整收入差距的若干措施

改革开放三十多年来,中国在经济建设中取得了惊天动地的成就。但,经济的快速发展的同时公民扶贫差距日益增大,这阻碍着我国构建和谐社会。本文分析了收入分配不平衡的主要表现,公民扶贫差距增大的主要原因并提出了调整扶贫差距的若干措施。