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81.
Kenneth J. Leising Jared Wong Chad M. Ruprecht Aaron P. Blaisdell 《Learning & behavior》2014,42(4):357-364
Many studies investigating cue competition have focused on the blocking effect. We investigated the blocking effect with pigeons using a landmark-based spatial search task in both a touchscreen preparation (Exp. 1a) and an automated remote environmental navigation apparatus (Exp. 1b). In Phase 1, two landmarks (LMs: A and Z) appeared on separate trials as colored circles among a row of eight (touchscreen) or six (ARENA) identical response units. Subjects were rewarded for pecking at a target response unit to the right of LM A and to the left of an extraneous LM, Z. During the blocking trials in Phase 2, LM X was presented in compound with a second LM (A) that had been previously trained. On control trials, LM Y was presented in compound with LM B and a target in the same manner as in the trials of AX, except that neither landmark had previously been trained with the target. All subjects were then tested with separate trials of A, X, B, and Y. Testing revealed poor spatial control by X relative to A and Y. We report the first evidence for a spatial-blocking effect in pigeons and additional support for associative effects (e.g., blocking) occurring under similar conditions (e.g., training sessions, spatial relationships, etc.) in 3-D and 2-D search tasks. 相似文献
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Kenneth T. Cann 《Economics of Education Review》1982,2(1):67-89
The article presents the results of benefit-cost analysis for an experimental and prototype elementary education program in Indonesia which is designed to solve a serious dropout problem. The program will use nonformal and self-paced methods to return 10, 000 children to elementary school in order to complete grades four through six.Alternative benefit-cost ratios are calculated using differing assumptions regarding probable lifetime earnings-enhancement and alternative discount rates. The calculations consider only private benefits and opportunity costs in addition to the project budget; however, several of the problems and unresolved questions that arose in the process of making the evaluation in a less developed country are discussed. 相似文献
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Kenneth D. Peterson 《Educational Measurement》1987,6(1):19-22
In most current teacher evaluation systems, tests are typically used for all teachers or for none. Peterson describes how three Utah school districts employed tests, specifically National Teachers Examinations, as one line of optional evidence for use along with a selection of other evidence in the promotion of eligible teachers. The author indicates that the optional use of test scores both answers many objections to the testing of veteran teachers and allows the test results of teachers choosing to submit them to inform promotion decisions. 相似文献
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The authors report on the discovery of a 19th century document that illustrates an early example of educational measurement. The text, copied from the original in the British Museum, is presented in its entirety in the article. 相似文献
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