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961.
The purpose of this study was to examine the adequacy of "multi-age" classification systems in youth sports with a specific focus on the unisex multi-age-groupings used by USA Swimming. In addition, we offer an analytical rationale for the multi-age-groupings and potential alternatives. We examined the top 100 US swim performances for three years (2005, 2006, and 2007) for girls and boys in 15 age-groups (7 to 20 years and a singular group of 21 years and older). Data for each age and sex were pooled over the three years and means were calculated for each of seven competitive swim events. Swim times differed among each age up to the 14-year age-group in girls (F (14,30885) = 183.9, P < 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.19-3.72, large effect) and 16-year age-group in boys (F (14,30885) = 308.7, P < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.81-3.64, large effect) for all events. Age-related differences in swim times continued later in boys than girls likely due to differences between the sexes in timing of growth and maturation. Because of the differences in swim performance in contemporary multi-age-groups, stratifying swimmers by a single age is the best means to ensure competitive fairness and equality, although there is no rationale for swimmers under the age of 8 years to compete in separate unisex competitive groups. 相似文献
962.
This study examined the nature, occurring contexts, and psychological implications of weight-related teasing in urban physical education programs. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 47 participants from a large urban school district. Data were analyzed using inductive analysis and constant comparisons. Most overweight adolescents experienced many different types of teasing in physical education. Victims of teasing felt hurt and experienced uncomfortable feelings due to social comparisons. Overweight students who were not teased reported a variety of reasons. Teachers lacked awareness of and strategies to handle teasing of overweight students. There is a need to implement preventive policies and rules to eliminate weight-related teasing and create inclusive physical education environments. 相似文献
963.
964.
Educators, not to mention philosophers of education, find themselves in a difficult position nowadays. They are confronted with problems such as which kind of values one would want citizens to embrace, or to what extent social practices of a particular group may differ from what is generally held. In this essay, Paul Smeyers and Yusef Waghid focus on postmodern critiques, in particular on the position of Michel Foucault as it is relevant for the debate on cosmopolitanism. The authors argue that Foucault's analysis of the self in relation to the other is somewhat contentious, as it seems to invoke an independent ethical self other than a social self. Smeyers and Waghid claim that a more nuanced position regarding this relation can be found in the work of Stanley Cavell. They conclude that encounters with the other should not be seen as a new kind of universalism or Foucauldian subjectivism, but rather as an opening that creates opportunities both for attachment and detachments, that is, for acknowledgment and avoidance. 相似文献
965.
Laura Black Julian Williams Paul Hernandez-Martinez Pauline Davis Maria Pampaka Geoff Wake 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2010,73(1):55-72
The construct of identity has been used widely in mathematics education in order to understand how students (and teachers)
relate to and engage with the subject (Kaasila, 2007; Sfard & Prusak, 2005; Boaler, 2002). Drawing on cultural historical activity theory (CHAT), this paper adopts Leont’ev’s notion of leading activity in order to explore the key ‘significant’ activities that are implicated in the development of students’ reflexive understanding
of self and how this may offer differing relations with mathematics. According to Leont’ev (1981), leading activities are those which are significant to the development of the individual’s psyche through the emergence
of new motives for engagement. We suggest that alongside new motives for engagement comes a new understanding of self—a leading identity—which reflects a hierarchy of our motives. Narrative analysis of interviews with two students (aged 16–17 years old) in post-compulsory
education, Mary and Lee, are presented. Mary holds a stable ‘vocational’ leading identity throughout her narrative and, thus,
her motive for studying mathematics is defined by its ‘use value’ in terms of pursuing this vocation. In contrast, Lee develops
a leading identity which is focused on the activity of studying and becoming a university student. As such, his motive for
study is framed in terms of the exchange value of the qualifications he hopes to obtain. We argue that this empirical grounding
of leading activity and leading identity offers new insights into students’ identity development. 相似文献
966.
Based on Nonaka’s knowledge spiral, this paper examines how processes of knowledge creation contribute to success in academia.
It presents the outcomes of an in-depth exploration of the workings of the knowledge spiral in a university research institute.
The research shows the outstanding but undervalued importance of socialization processes. It also shows that, while research
success is typically defined at the interplay of the individual, group and institutional levels, in the institute that was
examined none of the four knowledge creation processes (socialization, externalization, combination and internalization) appears
to run smoothly at the institutional level. 相似文献
967.
This study examined relationships between important aspects of a university education and the assessment and development of
generic skills. A sample of 323 students enrolled in single or double arts, engineering and/or science degrees from a research-intensive
university in Australia were administered the Graduate Skills Assessment to measure four generic skills—critical thinking,
interpersonal understandings, problem solving and written communication. As expected, students’ grade point average was generally
found to be significantly related to scores for all four skill scales both within each discipline area and across the total
sample. Reporting of academic achievement through the GPA therefore provides some measure of students’ generic skill levels.
However, since relationships were modest, GPA should be considered an imperfect indicator of levels of generic skills attainment.
In addition, we found only limited evidence that students’ skill levels increased with progression through their studies,
with study length being consistently related only to Problem Solving. Finally, our analyses revealed significant, interdisciplinary
variations in students’ skill scores. Results are discussed with respect to theoretical, practical and methodological implications. 相似文献
968.
Who matters to universities? A stakeholder perspective on humanities, arts and social sciences valorisation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Valorisation is at the centre of many debates on the future of academic research. But valorisation has largely become narrowly
understood in terms of universities’ economic contributions through patenting, licensing, spin-off formation and technology
transfer. This emergent restrictive definition of universities’ societal impacts is a worrying development, overlooking the
potential of universities’ knowledge in the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences (HASS). Our hypothesis is that HASS disciplines’
disadvantage compared to the hard sciences (lesser policy attention and funding for commercialisation) arises because HASS
stakeholders are not sufficiently salient as stakeholders to universities. Using case studies of three policy experiments,
we argue that universities’ responsiveness to stakeholders does not evolve simply and functionally but in response to the
networks of relationships in which they are situated. This has important implications for how stakeholder research is used
in higher education research, and for the design and implementation of policies to improve universities’ societal contributions. 相似文献
969.
The reported study compared the instructional effectiveness of Modern English explanatory interpretations of Shakespearean
play extracts integrated line by line into original Elizabethan English text, with a conventional unguided original text condition.
Experiment 1 demonstrated that the explanatory notes group reported a lower cognitive load and performed better in a comprehension
test than the control group when students had no prior knowledge of the text. In Experiment 2, a reverse effect occurred when
the same material was presented to a group of Shakespearean experts. Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiment 1 using
a different Shakespearean play. The study demonstrated that the relative effectiveness of instructional conditions depended
on learner levels of expertise. In accordance with the expertise reversal effect, the benefits of guided instruction reversed
and became detrimental for learners with high prior knowledge levels. Retrospective verbal protocols indicated that the explanations
were redundant for expert readers. 相似文献
970.
This study investigated interactions between the isolated–interactive elements effect and levels of learner expertise with
first year undergraduate university accounting students. The isolated–interactive elements effect occurs when learning is
facilitated by initially presenting elements of information sequentially in an isolated form rather than in a fully interactive
form. The expertise reversal effect occurs when the relevant advantage of one instructional technique over another reverses
depending on the learner’s level of expertise. The results provided support for the predicted interaction with lower expertise
students benefitting from the isolated elements instructional method, while students with more expertise learned more from
the interacting elements format. 相似文献