战略引进（上）

战略引进（上）美］詹姆斯·Ｂ·奎因弗雷德里克·Ｇ·希尔默如果将以下两条新的战略途径结合起来，管理者就有可能将自己公司的技能和资源“扩大”，取得的效果比其它战略所能达到的效果更胜一筹。一是将公司的资源集中于可获得明显优势的、能给用户带来特殊价值的“核心...     

大学里不该做的十六件事

1永远不要参加任何社团招新,除非它让你作社长。任何社团存在的理由,就是增加社团负责人的竞争资本。2永远不要指望哪个PLM M没有男朋友,不排除有M M这么说,这是因为她的男友太多了,她数不过来。3永远不要指望踢足球能够吸引M M的注意,在学校,你踢得再好,也只有你的对手知道,M M只会在帮男友看衣服的时候送你两眼。4永远不要买电脑,虽然你的初衷是用来学习,但最后你会把它改装成你的游戏机。5永远不要指望食堂里的服务员的小学数学学得有多好,他们会通过两位数加法的正确率不会高于百分之四十。6永远不要到看上去心情不好的食堂服务员窗…     

遗忘的机制是什么?

在这一节里,我们要在干扰、记忆缺失以及由情绪引起的遗忘中分析记忆失败的作用。不管怎样,在开始时我们应重新明确,记忆失败对于相当长的时间来说,不是遗忘的唯一原因。遗忘也可能导源于消退。艾宾浩斯(Ebbinghaus)关于回忆的报告说:当学会了一张音节表之后,随着时间的流逝,遗忘会越来越多地发生。这种观察和类似的观察使得理论家们在本世纪末相信时间的推移决定着遗忘(Thorndike,1914)。     

Do the effects of computer-assisted practice differ for children with reading disabilities with and without IQ-achievement discrepancy?

This study was designed to assess whether the effects of computer-assisted practice on visual word recognition differed for children with reading disabilities (RD) with or without aptitude-achievement discrepancy. A sample of 73 Spanish children with low reading performance was selected using the discrepancy method, based on a standard score comparison (i.e., the difference between IQ and achievement standard scores). The sample was classified into three groups: (1) a group of 14 children with dyslexia (age M = 103.85 months; SD = 8.45) who received computer-based reading practice; (2) a group of 31 "garden-variety" (GV) poor readers (age M = 107.06 months; SD = 6.75) who received the same type of instruction; and (3) a group of 28 children with low reading performance (age M = 103.33 months; SD = 9.04) who did not receive computer-assisted practice. Children were pre- and posttested in word recognition, reading comprehension, phonological awareness, and visual and phonological tasks. The results indicated that both computer-assisted intervention groups showed improved word recognition compared to the control group. Nevertheless, children with dyslexia had more difficulties than GV poor readers during computer-based word reading under conditions that required extensive phonological computation, because their performance was more affected by low-frequency words and long words. In conclusion, we did not find empirical evidence in favor of the IQ-achievement discrepancy definition of reading disability, because IQ did not differentially predict treatment outcomes.     

Pathways to literacy: a study of invented spelling and its role in learning to read

This intervention study tested whether invented spelling plays a causal role in learning to read. Three groups of kindergarten children (mean age = 5 years 7 months) participated in a 4-week intervention. Children in the invented-spelling group spelled words as best they could and received developmentally appropriate feedback. Children in the 2 comparison groups were trained in phonological awareness or drew pictures. Invented-spelling training benefited phonological and orthographic awareness and reading of words used in the intervention. Importantly, the invented-spelling group learned to read more words in a learn-to-read task than the other groups. The finding are in accord with the view that invented spelling coupled with feedback encourages an analytical approach and facilitates the integration of phonological and orthographic knowledge, hence facilitating the acquisition of reading.     

Science Letters：Application of new tissue microarrayer-ZM-1 without recipient paraffin block

The ZM-1 tissue microarrayer designed by our groups is manufactured in stainless steel and brass and contains many features that make TMA （tissue microarray） paraffin blocks construction faster and more convenient. By means of ZM-1 tissue microarrayer, biopsy needles are used to punch the donor tissue specimens respectively. All the needles with the punched specimen cylinders are arrayed into the array-board, with an array of small holes dug to fit the needles. All the specimen cylinders arraying and the TMA paraffin block shaping are finished in only one step so that the specimen cylinders and the paraffin of the TMA block can very easily be incorporated and the recipient paraffin blocks need not be made in advance, and the paraffin used is the same as that for conventional pathology purpose. ZM-1 tissue microarrayer is easy to be manufactured, does not need any precision location system, and so is much cheaper than the currently used instrument. Our method＇s relatively cheap and simple ZM-1 tissue microarrayer technique of constructing TMA paraffin block may facilitate popularization of the TMA technology.     

Population education in the United States

The most significant expansion of population education in the U.S. has occurred over the past 5-year period. The environmental movement of the 1960 decade established a foundation on which population education quickly developed in the 1970 decade and gained acceptance in the population establishment and among funding agencies. During the years 1970-1976, several private organizations became actively involved in the population education field. Several viewpoints and population education approaches are now evident in the U.S. These approaches stress different aspects of the issue: extension of family planning, individual and social awareness, demography, behavioral objectives, value analysis, environmental strategy, and inquiry. Although these approaches are diverse, the U.S. has provided a basic framework for population education. Research in population education has consisted of little more than review studies, knowledge and attitude surveys, and several studies on the appropriateness of population education in the formal college school setting. Further research is needed to identify the goals, objectives, and strategy of population education, and these studies would have to be linked to the cognitive and moral development of the student.