美国新闻与大众传播研究

引言正如鱼在的世界里全然感觉不到水的存在一样,美国学术界直到不久以前也基本上忽视了新闻学的存在。虽然我们宪法的制订者们曾认真思考过新闻事业在民主社会中的作用,虽然从历史上看许多新闻工作者也凭经验进行探索,并取得了许多对现化学术研究极为有用的成果,但是,人们至今用传统的学究式的清规戒律衡量新闻工作者。不过,人们从实用主义的角度出发,对如何通过新闻宣传来贏得战争胜利的问题和如何吸引大量受众接收20世纪大传媒公司节目的问题的关注,以及对传播内容短期社会效果问     

过度训练—是生理性还是心理性问题?

芬兰著名运动员PAVVO NURMI曾经出现对训练感到厌倦的情况,从偶而一过性直到对消耗性训练方法本身感到厌倦。至少从那时起,医生们就认识到运动员在训练中的某些时候可能会出现“疲惫”状态。一个人对紧张反应具有一定的适应能力,当这一能力被超过的时候,不良反应就会接仲而来,从而导致疾病、受伤或运动能力低下。运动     

发展中国家研究型大学的作用:引领国家和全球知识经济发展

研究型大学是各国学术系统的核心部分.研究型大学的发展可以推动各国知识经济的成功.国际顶尖期刊的编辑、作者和评阅人都来自研究型大学,同时,研究型大学能够获取全球知识信息,汇聚各类学者团体,资助教师参与国际专业学术机构和国际会议,并位于互联网革命的中心,因此,开展国际学术知识交流和参与到国际学术网络中是发展中国家研究型大学的核心使命.研究型大学作为“知识的仓库”和“批判中心”,面临着全球化带来的机遇和挑战.在高等教育国际化进程中,发展中国家的研究型大学面临着语言的困境,并且亟需改善学术职业的条件.从卓越的研究型大学的典型特征来分析,各国应该思考如何改善研究型大学的基础设施和智力氛围以使其迈向成功.     

Red pigment production by Penicillium purpurogenum GH2 is influenced by pH and temperature

The combined effects of pH and temperature on red pigment production and fungal morphology were evaluated in a submerged culture of Penicillium purpurogenum GH2, using Czapek-Dox media with d-xylose as a carbon source. An experimental design with a factorial fix was used: three pH values (5, 7, and 9) and two temperature levels (24 and 34 °C) were evaluated. The highest production of red pigment (2.46 g/L) was reached with a pH value of 5 and a temperature of 24 °C. Biomass and red pigment production were not directly associated. This study demonstrates that P. purpurogenum GH2 produces a pigment of potential interest to the food industry. It also shows the feasibility of producing and obtaining natural water-soluble pigments for potential use in food industries. A strong combined effect (p<0.05) of pH and temperature was associated with maximal red pigment production (2.46 g/L).     

Risk of venous thromboembolic disease in postmenopausal women taking oral or transdermal hormone replacement therapy

Objective  

The influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on hemostasis processes depends on the type of hormone, the combination of doses, the time of taking HRT, and the route of administration (oral, transdermal, implanted). The aim of the current study was to assess some parameters of coagulation, especially tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and tissue factor (TF) in postmenopausal women using oral or transdermal HRT.     

A multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of polyethylene glycol recombinant human interleukin-6 (PEG-rhIL-6) in rats

Radiation therapy has been widely applied in cancer treatment. However, it often causes thrombocytopenia (deficiency of white blood cells) as an adverse effect. Recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) has been found to be a very effective way against this thrombocytopenia, but IL-6 has low stability in blood, which reduces its efficacy. To increases the stability and half-life of rhIL-6, it was modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The pharmacokinetics and the tissue distribution of PEG-rhIL-6 labeled with ¹²⁵I were examined after subcutaneous injection in rats. The pharmacokinetic pattern of PEG-rhIL-6 was defined with linear-kinetics, and we fitted a one-compartment model with half-lives of 10.44–11.37 h (absorption, t _{1/2K a}) and 19.77–21.53 h (elimination, t _1/2Ke), and peak concentrations at 20.51–21.96 h (t _peak) in rats. Half-lives and t _peak of PEG-rhIL-6 were longer than those of rhIL-6 previously reported. In the present study, for deposition of PEG-rhIL-6 in rats, the tissue distribution examination showed that blood was the major organ involved, rather than liver. However, as to the elimination of PEG-rhIL-6, the major organ was the kidney. The excretion fraction of the injection dose recovered from urine was 23.32% at 192 h after subcutaneous administration. Less than 6% of PEG-rhIL-6 was eliminated via the feces at 192 h. These results indicate that PEG-rhIL-6 is a good candidate drug formulation for patients with cancer.     

The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) for use in Biology

This paper describes a newly adapted instrument for measuring novice-to-expert-like perceptions about biology: the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey for Biology (CLASS-Bio). Consisting of 31 Likert-scale statements, CLASS-Bio probes a range of perceptions that vary between experts and novices, including enjoyment of the discipline, propensity to make connections to the real world, recognition of conceptual connections underlying knowledge, and problem-solving strategies. CLASS-Bio has been tested for response validity with both undergraduate students and experts (biology PhDs), allowing student responses to be directly compared with a consensus expert response. Use of CLASS-Bio to date suggests that introductory biology courses have the same challenges as introductory physics and chemistry courses: namely, students shift toward more novice-like perceptions following instruction. However, students in upper-division biology courses do not show the same novice-like shifts. CLASS-Bio can also be paired with other assessments to: 1) examine how student perceptions impact learning and conceptual understanding of biology, and 2) assess and evaluate how pedagogical techniques help students develop both expertise in problem solving and an expert-like appreciation of the nature of biology.     

标准碎片化下的专利战略———基于5G 增强移动宽带技术的研究

文章利用复杂网络分析方法对5G增强移动宽带（eMBB）技术专利进行数据分析和可视化呈现,研究了该行业的技术竞争态势和领先企业专利战略。研究发现,标准碎片化背景下企业的专利战略发生了战略性变化,亚洲企业普遍选择在技术领域上与美国企业错位竞争。华为、OPPO等中国企业通过差异化和重点突破在5G技术版图中已占据了重要位置,但与高通等相比在技术领域的广度和深度方面仍有不足,IDAC提供了非产品导向专利战略的重要启示。本研究为复杂技术背景下的创新和专利战略提供了建议。     

未来10年为了可持续发展的地质科学

一、地质科学和环境 地质科学家进入环境领域相对较晚,在这一领域,工程师、地理学家、生物学家、气象学家、海洋学家和一些其它学科的科学家领先于他们。这已经对地质科学家在某些主要的应用科学团体和研究项目的地位和需