GIS空间数据在地图制图中的应用思路研究

地理信息系统（GIS）是地理学、地图学等在信息化时代发展的新的理论技术体系,笔者基于多年从事地图制图的工作经验,以GIS空间数据与地图制图的融合技术为研究对象,分析了GIS空间数据在地图制图中的应用思路,探讨了空间数据与地图制图融合生产系统的应用思路。     

新疆山区低层冰云云水资源初探

本文采用NASA地球观测系统（EOS）的＂云与地球辐射能量系统（CERES）＂2003年至2007年CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 2B/2C云资料,以新疆天山、阿尔泰山和昆仑山三大山区为主要研究对象,通过考察云水柱含量和粒子有效直径,对低层冰云云水资源时空分布特征进行了初步分析。结果表明,无论是冰云云水柱含量还是冰云粒子有效直径,多年平均的高值区集中在天山和昆仑山;盆地及其沙漠地区则是低值区,阿尔泰山处于高值区和低值区的过渡带上。新疆地区的低层冰云云水柱含量的多年平均值在（70～135）g/m2之间,冰云粒子有效直径的多年平均值在37～48μm之间。三大山区附近城市的低层云冰云云水柱含量多年平均值较高,部分城市如伊宁、乌鲁木齐、塔城、博乐达（100～150）g/m2。按季节来分析,三大山区多年平均的冰云云水柱含量夏季最高,冬季最低,春季和秋季较接近,而冰云粒子有效直径的季节变化各山区不相同。     

浅谈新技术在冷却塔系统中的运用

工业生产或冷却工艺过程中产生的废热,一般要用冷却水来导走。冷却塔的作用是将挟带废热的冷却水在塔内与空气进行热交换,使废热传输给空气并散人大气。结合实际,重点介绍了新技术在冷却塔系统中的运用。     

A comparison of anthropometric and training characteristics of Ironman triathletes and Triple Iron ultra-triathletes

We examined differences in anthropometry and training between 64 Triple Iron ultra-triathletes competing over 11.4 km swimming, 540 km cycling, and 126.6 km running, and 71 Ironman triathletes competing over 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.2 km running. The association of anthropometry and training with race time was investigated using multiple linear regression analysis. The Triple Iron ultra-triathletes were smaller (P < 0.05), had shorter limbs (P < 0.05), a higher body mass index (P < 0.05), and larger limb circumferences (P < 0.01) than the Ironman triathletes. The Triple Iron ultra-triathletes trained for more hours (P < 0.01) and covered more kilometres (P < 0.01), but speed in running during training was slower compared with the Ironman triathletes (P < 0.01). For Triple Iron ultra-triathletes, percent body fat (P = 0.022), training volume per week (P < 0.0001), and weekly kilometres in both cycling (P < 0.0001) and running (P < 0.0001) were related to race time. For Ironman triathletes, percent body fat (P < 0.0001), circumference of upper arm (P = 0.006), and speed in cycling training (P = 0.012) were associated with total race time. We conclude that both Triple Iron ultra-triathletes and Ironman triathletes appeared to profit from low body fat. Triple Iron ultra-triathletes relied more on training volume in cycling and running, whereas speed in cycling training was related to race time in Ironman triathletes.     

Movement patterns and physical strain during a novel, simulated cricket batting innings (BATEX)

A simulated cricket batting innings was developed to replicate the physical demands of scoring a century during One-Day International cricket. The simulated innings requires running-between-the-wickets across six 5-over stages, each of 21 min duration. To validate whether the simulated batting innings is reflective of One-Day International batting, movement patterns were collected using a global positioning system (GPS) and compared with previous research. In addition, indicators of physical strain were recorded (heart rate, jump heights, sweat loss, tympanic temperature). Nine club cricketers (mean ± s: age 20 ± 3 years; body mass 79.5 ± 7.9 kg) performed the simulated innings outdoors. There was a moderate trend for distance covered in the simulated innings to be less than that during One-Day batting (2171 ± 157 vs. 2476 ± 631 m · h?1; effect size = 0.78). This difference was largely explained by a strong trend for less distance covered walking in the simulated innings than in One-Day batting (1359 ± 157 vs. 1604 ± 438 m · h?1; effect size = 1.61). However, there was a marked trend for distance covered both striding and sprinting to be greater in the simulated innings than in One-Day batting (effect size > 1.2). Practically, the simulated batting innings may be used for match-realistic physical training and as a research protocol to assess the demands of prolonged, high-intensity cricket batting.     

The force-time profile of elite front crawl swimmers

In this study, we used recently developed technology to determine the force-time profile of elite swimmers, which enabled coaches to make informed decisions on technique modifications. Eight elite male swimmers with a FINA (Federation Internationale de Natation) rank of 900+ completed five passive (streamline tow) and five net force (arms and leg swimming) trials. Three 50-Hz cameras were used to video each trial and were synchronized to the kinetic data output from a force-platform, upon which a motorized towing device was mounted. Passive and net force trials were completed at the participant's maximal front crawl swimming velocity. For the constant tow velocity, the net force profile was presented as a force-time graph, and the limitation of a constant velocity assumption was acknowledged. This allowed minimum and maximum net forces and arm symmetry to be identified. At a mean velocity of 1.92+0.06 m s?1, the mean passive drag for the swimmers was 80.3+4.0 N, and the mean net force was 262.4+33.4 N. The mean location in the stroke cycle for minimum and maximum net force production was at 45% (insweep phase) and 75% (upsweep phase) of the stroke, respectively. This force-time profile also identified any stroke asymmetry.     

Optimizing kick rate and amplitude for Paralympic swimmers via net force measures

Kicking is a key component of freestyle swimming yet the optimum combination of kick rate and kick amplitude remains unknown. For Paralympic swimmers, with upper and lower limb disabilities, the influence of the kick plays an important role in net force production. To determine optimum kick characteristics, 12 Paralympic swimmers aged 19.8 ± 2.9 years (mean ± s) were towed at their individual peak freestyle speed. The experimental conditions were (i) a prone streamline glide for passive trials and (ii) maximal freestyle kicking in a prone streamline for active trials at different speeds and kick amplitudes. Kick rate was quantified using inertial sensor technology. Towing speed was assessed using a novel and validated dynamometer, and net force was assessed using a Kistler force-platform system. When peak speed was increased by 5%, the active force increased 24.2 ± 5.3% (90% confidence limits), while kick rate remained at approximately 150 kicks per minute. Larger amplitude kicking increased the net active force by 25.1 ± 10.6%, although kick rate decreased substantially by 13.6 ± 5.1%. Based on the current kick rate and amplitude profile adopted by Paralympic swimmers, these characteristics are appropriate for optimizing net force.     

Daredevils and early birds: Belgian pioneers in automobile racing and aerial sports during the belle époque

During the belle époque, Belgium was a trend-setting nation in many domains, including motorised sports. Belgian automobile racers and pilots shattered world records and became international stars. Striking was the shift in sports. Indeed, around 1896, sporting members of the leisure class stepped from the bicycle into the automobile and, around 1908, from the automobile into the airplane. Although these motorised sports were extremely expensive, this article shows that sportsmen and sportswomen from the working class could achieve upward social mobility through their performances. The achievements of these motorised pioneers had a major impact and wide-ranging significance. They laid the foundations for the expansion of the automobile industry and the emergence of civilian and military aviation.     

全球公共物品

面对新冠疫情的爆发,中国没有太多考虑经济问题,选择采取严格防控措施.这与西方世界流行的做法形成鲜明对比,即我们都接受某种程度的"灵活"封闭,主要目的是挽救老年人的生命.然而中国人却在创纪录的短时间内扩大了医院的容量,并带回了居住在国外的中国公民,这几乎都不在大多数西方国家的考虑之列.