Relative cue properties of novel-tasting substances in avoidance conditioning

Rats injected with lithium chloride on a day when they tasted a novel substance, saccharin, subsequently showed avoidance, or bait shyness. However, magnitude of avoidance depended upon the substances given the rats on the days just before and after injection day. Maximum avoidance was found for rats given a familiar, contrasting substance (water) on the days before and after, whereas minimum avoidance was shown by rats given saccharin on those days (as well as on injection day). Intermediate avoidance was found for rats given water on either the day before or the day after. Results confirm the importance of contrasting taste cues in successive discrimination tasks employed in bait-shyness studies.     

A Three-Way Dance: The Global Public Good and Accessibility in Information Technologies

When we recognize the development and use of information technologies as an emerging global public good, we can move away from the stark dualisms of profit versus human rights, market share versus accessibility, and competition versus inclusion, to an understanding of how both public and private interests are at play in the development of this global public good. Governments, industry, and disability advocacy organizations are all involved in the construction of this public good in a complex three-way dance. We argue that in the context of this three-way dance it is possible to create a common ground between disability advocacy organizations and the IT industry by developing tools that address the tensions that arise from their differing motivating forces. Specifically, we argue that three sets of tools—regulation, developing ease of use products and standards, and using education to increase the market strength of people with disabilities as consumers—can change the relationships between these two communities of interest in ways that will benefit each.