让科学托起希望

今年是五四运动爆发90周年。90年前,“德先生”和“赛先生”的呐喊声,唤醒了沉睡的中华大地。与之相伴的是民主精神和科学精神的觉醒,催生了自立的中国,开放的中国,科学发展的中国。     

公地困境与制度分析:中国研究生教育管理体制渐进改革

在我国研究生教育管理体制改革中,"怕乱"是影响政策选择的一种常见心理现象.针对预期教育乱象的不确定性,政策部门通过预先约束策略空间、选择性激励、多元监控等渐进主义策略,较好地控制了大学追求自身利益最大化的机会主义行为,保障了体制改革的有序进行.从制度理性选择理论的视角看,乱象约束下的渐进政策调整是持不同理性标准的政策部门与政策目标群体(大学)在面临机会主义强激励但监控机制相对薄弱的特定情境下进行策略性互动的结果.由此,可以建立渐进政策调整的一个解释框架,印"公地困境与制度分析".该框架表明,在相对稳定的行动者理性和资源属性、群体文化等情境诱因以及随政策调整力度加大而扩展的策略空间条件下,机会主义行为监控机制是影响政策调整模式选择的关键约束条件.     

Learning through working: a case study of Chinese college students in South Korea

This qualitative case study was designed to provide an understanding of the work experience of Chinese college students in South Korea. A growing number of Chinese students are coming to South Korea for college education, and their aspirations for better work materialize into work experiences in South Korean businesses. In-depth interviews were conducted with five Chinese students to investigate their learning experience at local workplaces. The Chinese students' work experience not only led them to a deeper understanding of local culture and language, but also gave them integral learning within an experiential, situated learning environment.     

Improved approaches to stability criteria for neural networks with time-varying delays

In this paper, the problem of stability analysis for neural networks with time-varying delays is considered. By the use of a newly augmented Lyapunov functional and some novel techniques, sufficient conditions to guarantee the asymptotic stability of the concerned networks are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Three numerical examples are given to show the improved stability region of the proposed works.     

Branding Television News in a Multichannel Environment: An Exploratory Study of Network News Brand Personality

Adopting the construct of “brand personality,” this article examines the perceived differences among various television news brands, investigates the distinction between cable and broadcast news brands, and explores the applicability of brand personality in this market. CNN was found to possess the most distinct, positive personality, whereas CBS news had the least differentiated brand personality. Fox News was seen as the most dynamic and conservative. Overall, broadcast network news was perceived to be more traditional and liberal than cable network news. Three modified dimensions—competence, timeliness, and dynamism—were found to represent the personality facets of the television news product.     

Traveling with MI education in a turbulent sea: stories of South Korea

The purpose of this paper is to explore ways in which multiple intelligences (MI) theory has been disseminated in search of its meaning, effectiveness and possibilities over the last decade in Korea. There have been a great number of Korean practitioners who have properly applied an ideal of MI theory in their local context. Western readers will be informed of how actively these educators participate in the grass‐roots reform process. A traditional or teacher‐based image of Oriental education culture may have to be redefined, at least in the current Korean educational context. In doing so, the authors reviewed related literature and research articles written by Korean scholars and practitioners as well as conducting in‐depth and focus‐group interviews nationwide to represent voices of Korean MI educators at school level. There has been substantive evidence that most students guided by MI instruction demonstrated better achievement in several subject areas; students typically labeled low achievers in traditional classrooms became better self‐regulated learners, showing higher self‐esteem. Finally, the Korean research community experienced the emergence of a new collaborative research culture in which MI educators are fully acknowledged as curriculum designers and researchers able to gain insight into culturally appropriate classroom practices. The authors end this paper reflecting on a future hope that the Korean research community will continue, both critically and collaboratively, to examine MI theory to make it more applicable in establishing culturally relevant pedagogical insights.     

传统农业地区生态系统服务功能价值评估

由于自然条件的限制和历史等原因,贵州省从江县至今还保持着比较完好的传统农业生产方式,并在此基础上形成了丰富的少数民族文化。这种传统农业生产方式的生态优越性以及与之相关的文化吸引了众多的关注,FAO考虑将其列为浙江省青田县的协作点。为了更好的说明传统生产方式保护的必要性,本文采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,使用市场价值法、影子工程法、生产成本法、机会成本法等定量方法,评价了贵州省从江县传统农业区生态系统服务功能经济价值,试图为传统农业区保护提供科学而量化的依据。结果表明：从江县传统农业区生态系统服务现有生态经济价值为48.96×10⁸元,其间接生态价值是直接经济价值的8倍多。土壤保持功能是该区生态系统服务的主要部分,占总体服务价值的44.80%,初级产品生产直接经济价值仅占总价值的11.23%。由此可以看出,传统农业区直接经济价值并不是其服务价值的主要部分,应充分发挥传统农业区生态系统的其他生态服务功能,加强对间接生态服务功能价值的理解和保护。此外,本文研究结果还为从江县生态补偿标准的制定提供科学基础。     

农业文化遗产的概念、特点与保护要求

农业文化遗产的概念目前存在一些争议,争议的焦点主要在于如何对其英文名称进行翻译以及内涵边界。大部分学术论文中使用“农业文化遗产”和“全球重要农业文化遗产”的说法。农业文化遗产不同于一般的农业遗产,它更强调对生物多样性保护具有重要意义的农业系统、农业技术、农业物种、农业景观与农业文化。也就是说,除一般意义上的农业文化和技术知识以外,还包括历史悠久、结构合理的传统农业景观和农业生产系统。另外,农业文化遗产也不同于世界遗产的其他类型。从概念上来看接近于文化景观遗产,不过文化景观强调遗产的地域性,而农业文化遗产则更强调对某种传统农业知识和农业技术的保护,对这些知识和技术的地域要求并不十分严格。农业文化遗产具有复合性、活态性和战略性的特点,在保护上应当遵循动态保护、适应性管理和可持续发展的要求。     

稻鱼共生系统与水稻单作系统的能值对比——以贵州省从江县小黄村为例

为了从能量流动的角度揭示稻鱼共生系统和水稻单作系统在资源利用效率及环境压力上的差异,应用能值分析方法对贵州省从江县小黄村糯禾一鱼、糯禾单作、杂交稻-鱼、杂交稻单作两个系统、4个处理的农业资源投入的能值流及构建的能值指标进行了对比分析.结果表明:稻鱼共生系统与水稻单作系统农业资源投入结构相似,均以不可更新工业辅助资源投入为主,可更新资源投入不足,不利于系统的长期稳定.但与水稻单作系统相比,稻鱼共生系统的优势表现为:①太阳能转化效率较高;②转化单位自然资源投入购买能值较少;③受市场影响较小:④能值投资回报率较高;⑤对环境压力较小;⑥系统富有活力和发展潜力.可见,稻田养鱼的确是我国传统农业可持续发展的典型模式之一.如何既发挥稻鱼共生系统在资源利用效率方面的优势,同时又加强其在市场经济中的竞争力,是贵州省从江县乃至其他地区稻鱼共生系统可持续发展需要解决的重要问题.     

从同行通讯评审意见看不予资助项目申请书中的共性问题

国家自然科学基金(以下简称"科学基金")是我国支持基础研究的主渠道之一.多年来,在促进我国基础研究工作开展,提高基础研究水平,增强原始创新能力等方面发挥了重要作用,日益受到科学界的重视[1].由于科学基金资助项目申请数量逐年增长,而资助率维持相对稳定的水平,因此竞争日趋激烈[2].作为科学基金资助项目的申请书,其质量高低成为项目能否获得资助的关键因素之一[3].目前,科学基金资助项目的评审主要采用同行评议的方法.