Towards a Non-Punitive School Inspection Régime

The current nature of the school inspection régime in England and Wales is considered, together with the reasons why it was created. Two different approaches to educational accountability are considered, the use of performance indicators and inspection. England and Wales have a system of educational accountability that employs both. It is argued that, although neither performance indicators nor inspection are, in themselves, sufficient instruments of accountability, they are complementary and could, jointly be more effective than the current dual system, given certain fundamental reforms to the inspection régime. These include, a common language of accountability, greater use of self-evaluation and a loosening of the functional distinction between inspectors and teachers.     

Resilient principals in challenging schools: the courage and costs of conviction

The work of leaders in schools takes place in shifting and sometimes conflicting reform contexts which tend to increase and intensify their professional work and personal lives as they seek to influence a range of stakeholder groups and individuals in processes of school improvement. Such diverse and sometimes competing demands of policy, local context and educational values not only challenge the breadth of qualities, knowledge and skills possessed by leaders, but also test their adaptivity, flexibility and intellectual, and emotional energy on an everyday basis. Although much of the literature on resilience suggests that it is a necessary quality in extreme adverse circumstances – for example, physical or emotional trauma as a result of conflict – it seems obvious that everyday resilience will be an essential quality and a necessary capacity for leaders to lead to their best. However, this may be sorely tested as the range of their roles and responsibilities expands and their space to exercise ‘responsible agency’ at work shrinks, together with personal space outside the workplace – traditionally viewed as a time to reflect, recover and renew. A recent survey showed that, in England, for example, only 7% of secondary heads perceived that they had any time to engage in interests outside their work; it is unlikely that much will have changed in the years since then, as more recent root-and-branch reforms in the governance and curricula of schools in England and Wales demonstrate. How leaders of schools, which serve high-challenge communities of socio-economic disadvantage, sustain their resilience and the costs of doing so in raising and sustaining their levels of success has received only scant attention in the research literature. This paper reports the outcomes of research into the work of 12 successful principals who work in schools in challenging environments in different countries and were asked to talk about their contexts and the challenges which they had overcome in order to achieve their success. It uses one of these as an illustration of the role courage and conviction plays in all their lives.     

EFFECTS OF A PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ON BEHAVIORAL ENGAGEMENT OF STUDENTS IN MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOL

Student behavioral engagement is a key condition supporting academic achievement, yet student disengagement in middle and high schools is all too common. The current study used a randomized controlled design to test the efficacy of the My Teaching Partner‐Secondary program to increase behavioral engagement. The program offers teachers personalized coaching and systematic feedback on teachers’ interactions with students, based on systematic observation of videorecordings of teacher‐student interactions in the classroom. The study found that intervention teachers had significantly higher increases, albeit to a modest degree, in student behavioral engagement in their classrooms after 1 year of involvement with the program compared to the teachers in the control group (explaining 4% of variance). In exploratory analyses, two dimensions of teachers’ interactions with students—their focus on analysis and problem solving during instruction and their use of diverse instructional learning formats—acted as mediators of increased student engagement. The findings offer implications for new directions in teacher professional development and for understanding the classroom as a setting for adolescent development.     

A dominance analysis approach to determining predictor importance in third, seventh, and tenth grade reading comprehension skills

The purpose of the present study was to investigate and rank order by importance the contributions of various cognitive predictors to reading comprehension in third, seventh, and tenth graders. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that for third grade, the best fit was a four-factor solution including fluency, verbal reasoning, nonverbal reasoning, and working memory factors. For seventh and tenth grade, three-factor solutions with fluency, reasoning, and working memory factors were the best fit. The three and four-factor models were used in separate dominance analyses for each grade to rank order the factors by predictive importance to reading comprehension. Results indicated that fluency and verbal reasoning were the most important predictors of third grade reading comprehension. For seventh grade, fluency and reasoning were the most important predictors. By tenth grade, reasoning was the most important predictor of reading comprehension. Working memory was the least predictive of reading comprehension across all grade levels. These results suggest that inferential reasoning skills become an important contributor to reading comprehension at increasing grade levels.     

Increasing programme effectiveness through parent empowerment: the Getting Ready for School project in Tajikistan

Within the development studies framework, empowerment involves increasing individual agency vis-à-vis the formal and informal opportunity structure. The Open Society Foundation's Early Childhood Programme developed the Getting Ready for School programme specifically for parents of preschool-age children to use at home in the year before school to build early math and literacy skills in their children. In Tajikistan, parents met on a regular basis with teachers in their local schools to learn activities to use with their children at home. Focus group reports indicated that parents gained knowledge and self-confidence as a result of programme participation, considered foundational aspects of the empowerment process. Responses also demonstrated that parents displayed characteristics of empowerment as they used programme activities and skills not only with their six-year-old child, but with siblings, extended family members and community children. They also shared the skills they learned with family members and neighbours.     

Multicenter randomized comparative trial of Micromedex,Micromedex with Watson,or Google to answer drug information questions

Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare pharmacy students’ ability to correctly answer drug information questions using Micromedex with Watson, Micromedex without Watson, or Google.Methods:This multicenter randomized trial compared pharmacy student responses to drug information questions using Micromedex with Watson, Micromedex without Watson, or Google from January to March of 2020. First- to fourth-year pharmacy students at two institutions were included. The primary outcome was the number of correct answers. Secondary outcomes were the time taken to answer the questions and differences in number of correct answers by pharmacy student year and institution.Results:The analysis included 162 participants: 52 students in the Micromedex group, 51 students in the Watson group, and 59 students in the Google group. There was a significant difference among groups in the total number of questions answered correctly (p=0.02). Post-hoc analysis revealed that participants in the Micromedex group answered more questions correctly than those in the Google group (p=0.015). There were no significant differences between Micromedex and Watson groups (p=0.52) or between Watson and Google groups (p=0.22). There was also no difference in time to complete the questions among groups (p=0.72).Conclusion:Utilizing Google did not save students time and led to more incorrect answers. These findings suggest that health care educators and health sciences librarians should further reinforce training on the appropriate use of drug information resources.     

“I still go ask someone I enjoy talking to”: The use of digital and human sources by educational stage and context

How does educational stage affect the way people find information? In previous research using the Digital Visitors & Residents (V&R) framework for semi-structured interviews, context was a factor in how individuals behaved. This study of 145 online, open-ended surveys examines the impact that one's V&R educational stage has on the likelihood of attending to digital and human sources across four contexts. These contexts vary according to whether the search was professional or personal and successful or struggled. The impact of educational stage differs based on context. In some contexts, people at higher educational stages are more likely to attend to digital sources and less likely to attend to human sources. In other contexts, there is no statistically significant difference (p < 0.10) among educational stages. These findings provide support for previous V&R research, while also demonstrating that online surveys can be used to supplement and balance the data collected from semi-structured interviews.     

10. HISTORY

A. Reference works

AN HISTORICAL AND ANALYTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LITERATURE OF CRYPTOLOGY by Joseph S. Galland (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Graduate School “Northwestern University Studies in the Humanities Number Ten,”; 1945; reprinted by AMS Press, 1970; reprinted again by Aegean Park Press [Laguna Hills, CA], 1980—$26.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–252–5, 209 pp.)

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CRYPTOLOGY by David E. Newton (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC‐Clio, 1997—$65.00, ISBN 0–87436–772–7, 330 pp., photos, tables, bibliography, index)

SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE IN WORLD WAR II: A RESEARCH GUIDE compiled by Donal J. Sexton (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996—$69.50, ISBN 0–313–28304–4, 165 pp., bibliography, index)

DESCRIPTIVE DICTIONARY OF CRYPTOLOGIC TERMS by the U.S. Army Security Agency (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1980, 166 pp., ISBN 0–89412–266–5, bibliography)

CODES, CIPHERS &; OTHER CRYPTIC AND CLANDESTINE COMMUNICATION: MAKING AND BREAKING SECRET MESSAGES FROM HIEROGLYPHS TO THE INTERNET by Fred B. Wrixton (New York: Black Dog &; Leventhal, 1998—$17.98, ISBN 1–57912–040–7, 704 pp., diagrams, tables, appendix, glossary, bibliography, index)

B. Historical surveys

THE HISTORY OF CODES AND CIPHERS IN THE UNITED STATES: PRIOR TO WORLD WAR I edited by Wayne G. Barker (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series,”; 1978—$24.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–026–3, 159 pp., notes, index)

THE MAN WHO BROKE PURPLE: THE LIFE OF COLONEL WILLIAM F. FRIEDMAN, WHO DECIPHERED THE JAPANESE CODE IN WORLD WAR II by Ronald Clark (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977, ISBN 0–316–14595–5, 271 pp., photos, index)

CRYPTOLOGY YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW edited by Cipher Deavours, et al. (Norwood, MA: Artech House “Artech House Communication and Electronic Defense Library,”; 1987, ISBN 0–89006–253–6, 519 pp., illustrations, notes)

CRYPTOLOGY: MACHINES, HISTORY &; METHODS edited by Cipher Deavours, et al. (Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1989, ISBN 0–89006–399–0, 508 pp., illustrations, notes)

SELECTIONS FROM CRYPTOLOGIA: HISTORY, PEOPLE, AND TECHNOLOGY edited by Cipher A. Deavours, et al. (Norwood, MA: Attech House “Artech House Telecommunications Library,”; 1998—$83–00, ISBN 0–89006–862–3, 552 pp., illustrations, notes)

WAR SECRETS IN THE ETHER by Wilhelm F. Flicke, edited by Sheila Carlisle (Laguna Park, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1977, two vols; 1994 [rev. ed.]—$26.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–233–9, 234 pp., index)

THE FRIEDMAN LEGACY: A TRIBUTE TO WILLIAM AND ELIZEBETH FRIEDMAN. (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologie History, “Sources in Cryptologie History, Number 3,”; 1992, 282 pp., photos, diagrams, notes, index)

THE CODEBREAKERS: THE STORY OF SECRET WRITING by David Kahn (New York: Macmillan, 1967; London: Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, 1974 [abridged ed.]; New York: Scribner's 1996 [2nd ed.]—$60.00, ISBN 0–684–83130–9, 1, 181 pp., photos, notes, index)

KAHN ON CODES: SECRETS OF THE NEW CRYPTOLOGY by David Kahn (New York: Macmillan, 1983, ISBN 0–02–560640–9, 343 pp., notes, index)

MASKED DISPATCHES: CRYPTOGRAMS AND CRYPTOLOGY IN AMERICAN HISTORY, 1775–1900 by Ralph E. Weber (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History “United States Cryptologic History, Series 1, Pre‐World War I, Vol. 1,”; 1993, paper, OCLC 29961699, 235 pp., photos, diagrams, notes, bibliography)

THE SIGINT SECRETS: THE SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE WAR, 1900 TO TODAY: INCLUDING THE PERSECUTION OF GORDON WELCHMAN by Nigel West (New York: William Morrow, 1998, ISBN 0–688–07652–1, 347 pp., appendices, photos, notes, bibliography, index)

C. World War I

THE HISTORY OF CODES AND CIPHERS IN THE UNITED STATES: DURING WORLD WAR I edited by Wayne G. Barker (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series,”; 1979—$24.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–031‐X, 263 pp., notes, index)

ROOM 40: BRITISH NAVAL INTELLIGENCE 1914–1918 by Patrick Beesly (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1982, ISBN 0–15–178634–8, 338 pp., photos, notes, appendix, index)

THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM OF JANUARY 16, 1917 AND ITS CRYPTOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND by William F. Friedman and Charles J. Mendelsohn (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series,”; 1994— $12.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–239–8, 58 pp., photo, notes, appendix, index)

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CRYPTOGRAPHIC BUREAUS IN THE WORLD WAR by Yves Gyldén (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1935; reprinted by Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series,”; 1978, ISBN 0–89412–027–1, 87 pp., notes)

THE CODE BREAKERS OF ROOM 40: THE STORY OF ADMIRAL SIR WILLIAM [sic] HALL, GENIUS OF BRITISH COUNTER‐INTELLIGENCE by Admiral Sir William James (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1956, OCLC 408707, 212 pp., photos, index)

THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM by Barbara W. Tuchman (New York: Viking Press, 1958; Macmillan, 1966, OCLC 34683297, 244 pp., photos, notes, bibliography, index)

D. Between the wars

THE HISTORY OF CODES AND CIPHERS IN THE UNITED STATES: DURING THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS edited by Wayne G. Barker (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series”) as follows:

PART 1: 1919–1929 (1979—$24.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–039–5, 186 pp., notes, index)

PART 2: 1930–1939 (1978—$24.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–165–0, 99 pp., photos, notes, index)

INFORMATION AND SECRECY: VANNEVAR BUSH, ULTRA AND THE OTHER MEMEX by Colin Burke (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1994—price not given, ISBN 0–8108–2783–2, 467 pp., photos, notes, index)

MACHINE CRYPTOGRAPHY AND MODERN CRYPTANALYSIS by Cipher A. Deavours and Louis Kruh (Norwood, MA: Artech “Artech House Telecommunications Library,”; 1985, ISBN 0–89006–161–0, 259 pp., illustrations, notes, index)

THE STORY OF MAGIC: MEMOIRS OF AN AMERICAN CRYPTOLOGIC PIONEER by Frank B. Rowlett (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1998— $32.80, ISBN 0–89412–273–8, 258 pp., photos)

THE AMERICAN BLACK CHAMBER by Herbert O. Yardley (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1931, 375 pp.; London: Faber &; Faber, 265 pp.; reprinted by Ballantine Books “Ballantine Espionage/Intelligence Library,”; 1981, ISBN 0–3452–9867–5, 250 pp., photos)

E. World War II‐general

A HISTORY OF U.S. COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE DURING WORLD WAR II: POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION by Robert Louis Benson (Fort George B. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History “United States Cryptologic History, Series 4, World War II, Vol. 8,”; 1997, OCLC 40526841, 185 pp., photos, glossary, sources)

HITLER'S JAPANESE CONFIDANT: GENERAL OSHIMA HIROSHI AND MAGIC INTELLIGENCE, 1941–1945 by Carl Boyd (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993, ISBN 0–7006–0569‐X, 271 pp., photos, tables, maps, notes, bibliography, index)

U.S. ARMY SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE IN WORLD WAR II: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY edited by James L. Gilbert and John P. Finnegan (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office [Center of Military History, United States Army] “CMH Pub 70–43,”; 1993—$24.00, ISBN 0–16–037816–8, 237 pp., photos, appendices)

THE ULTRA‐MAGIC DEALS AND THE MOST SECRET RELATIONSHIP, 1940–1946 by Bradley F. Smith (Novato, CA: Presido, 1992—$12.95, paper, ISBN 0–891414–6, 276 pp., notes, bibliography, index)

F. World War II‐Europe

CODEBREAKING AND SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE edited by Christopher Andrew (London: Frank Cass, 1986, ISBN 0–7146–3299–6, 137 pp., notes, bibliographies)

ULTRA IN THE WEST: THE NORMANDY CAMPAIGN OF 1944–45 by Ralph Bennett (New York: Scribners, 1979, ISBN 0–684–16704–2, 336 pp., maps, figures, glossary, bibliography, notes, index).

ULTRA AND MEDITERRANEAN STRATEGY by Ralph Bennett (New York: William Morrow, 1989, ISBN 0–688–08175–4, 496 pp., maps, diagrams, notes, glossary, bibliography, index)

INTELLIGENCE INVESTIGATIONS: COLLECTED PAPERS OF RALPH BENNETT by Ralph Bennett (London: Frank Cass “Studies in Intelligence,”; 1996—price not given, ISBN 0–7146–4742‐X hard, 0–7146–4300–0 paper, 216 pp., notes, index)

TOP SECRET ULTRA by Peter Calvocoressi (New York: Pantheon, 1980, ISBN 0–394–51154–9, 132 pp., photos, appendices, index)

THE ENEMY IS LISTENING by Aileen Clayton (London: Hutchinson, 1980, ISBN 0–091–4234–6, 381 pp.; reprinted by Ballantine Books “Ballantine Espionage/Intelligence Library,”; 1982; photos, glossary, notes, bibliography, index)

THE ENGIMA WAR by Jóseph Garliński (New York: Scribner's, 1980—ISBN 0–684–15866–3, 219 pp., photos, maps, diagrams, notes, appendix, bibliography, index)

ENGIMA by Robert Harris (New York: Random House, 1995, ISBN 0–679–42887–9, 320 pp.)

CODEBREAKERS: THE INSIDE STORY OF BLETCHLEY PARK edited by F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993—price not given, ISBN 0–19–820327–6, 321 pp., photos, diagrams, notes, appendices, index)

SEIZING THE ENIGMA: THE RACE TO BREAK THE GERMAN U‐BOAT CODES, 1939–1943 by David Kahn (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991, ISBN 0–395–42739–8, 336 pp., photos, notes, bibliography, index)

ENIGMA: HOW THE GERMAN MACHINE CIPHER WAS BROKEN, AND HOW IT WAS READ BY THE ALLIES IN WORLD WAR TWO by Wladyslaw Kozaczuk, translated by Christopher Kasparek (London: Arms and Armour Press/Lanham, MD: University Publications of America “Foreign Intelligence Book Series,”; 1984, ISBN 0–89093–547–5, 348 pp., photos, diagrams, appendices, bibliography, index)

ULTRA GOES TO WAR: THE FIRST ACCOUNT OF WORLD WAR II'S GREATEST SECRET BASED ON OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS by Ronald Lewin (New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1978, ISBN 0–07–037453–8, 398 pp., notes, glossary, appendix, bibliography, index)

THE ULTRA AMERICANS: THE U.S. ROLE IN BREAKING THE NAZI CODES by Thomas Parrish (New York: Stein &; Day, 1986, ISBN 0–8128–3072–5, 338 pp., photos, notes, sources, index)

THE ENIGMA SYMPOSIUM edited by Hugh Skillen (published by the author, 56 St. Thomas Drive, Pinner, England HA5 4SS; as follows, photos, maps, diagrams, notes):

1992 (1992, reprinted 1997, paper, ISBN 0–9515190–34, 60 pp.)

1994 (1994, £8.50, paper, ISBN 0–9515190–50, about 100 pp.)

1995 (1995, £9.95, paper, ISBN 0–9515190–77, 164 pp.)

1997 (1997, £9.95, paper, ISBN 0–9515190–85, 194 pp.)

1998 (1998, £14.95, paper, ISBN 0–9515–330–01, 205 pp.)

THE SPIES OF THE AIRWAVES by Hugh Skillen (published by the author; address immediately above, 1989—£23.00, ISBN 0–9515190‐X, 550 pp., photos, maps, index)

STATION X: THE CODEBREAKERS OF BLETCHLEY PARK by Michael Smith (London: Channel 4 Books, 1998—£14.99, ISBN 0–7522–2189–2, 184 pp., photos, sources, index)

THE HUT SIX STORY: BREAKING THE ENIGMA CODES by Gordon Welchman (New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1982, ISBN 0–07–069180–0, 326 pp., diagrams, notes, bibliography, index)

THE ULTRA SECRET by F. W. Winterbotham (London: Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, 1974, ISBN 0–297–76832–8, 199 pp., index; numerous reprints)

ULTRA AT SEA: HOW BREAKING THE NAZI CODE AFFECTED ALLIED NAVAL STRATEGY DURING WORLD WAR II by John Winton (London: Leo Cooper; New York: Morrow, 1988, ISBN 0–688–08546–6, 207 pp., photos, glossary, index)

G. World War II‐pacific

MACARTHUR'S ULTRA: CODEBREAKING AND THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN, 1942–1945 by Edward J. Drea (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas “Modern War Studies,”; 1992, ISBN 0–7006–0504–5, 296 pp., photos, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index)

THE BROKEN SEAL: “OPERATION MAGIC”; AND THE SECRET ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR by Ladislas Farago (New York: Random House, 1967, 439 pp., reference notes, index)

THE AMERICAN MAGIC: CODES, CIPHERS AND THE DEFEAT OF JAPAN by Ronald Lewin (New York: Farrar, Straus &; Giroux, 1982, ISBN 0–374–10417–4, 332 pp., photos, appendices, notes, sources, index)

A PRICELESS ADVANTAGE: U.S. NAVY COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE AND THE BATTLES OF CORAL SEA, MIDWAY, AND THE ALEUTIANS by Frederick D. Parker (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, “United States Cryptologic History, Series IV, World War II, Volume 5,”; CH‐E32–93–01, 1993, 88 pp., photos, bibliography, notes)

PEARL HARBOR REVISITED: UNITED STATES NAVY COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE, 1924–1941 by Frederick D. Parker (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologie History, “United States Cryptologic History, Series IV, World War II, Volume 5,”; CH‐E32–94–01, 1994, photos, notes, appendices, bibliography)

COMBINED FLEET DECODED: THE SECRET HISTORY OF AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE AND THE JAPANESE NAVY IN WORLD WAR II by John Prados (New York: Random House, 1995—$37.50, ISBN 0–679–43701–0, 832 pp., photos, maps, notes, bibliography, index)

LISTENING TO THE ENEMY: KEY DOCUMENTS ON THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE IN THE WAR WITH JAPAN edited by Ronald H. Spector (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1988, ISBN 0–8420–2275–9, 285 pp., notes, tables)

CODEBREAKER IN THE FAR EAST by Alan Stripp (London: Frank Cass “Studies in Intelligence,”; 1989, ISBN 0–7146–3363–1, 204 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index)

THE “MAGIC”; BACKGROUND OF PEARL HARBOR by the U.S. Department of Defense (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978—5 vols published in 8, OCLC 5170297)

DEADLY MAGIC: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE IN WORLD WAR II IN THE PACIFIC by Edward Van Der Rhoer (New York: Scribner's, 1979, ISBN 0–684–15873–6, 225 pp., photos, index)

ULTRA IN THE PACIFIC: HOW BREAKING JAPANESE CODES &; CYPHERS AFFECTED NAVAL OPERATIONS AGAINST JAPAN by John Winton (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1993, ISBN 1–55750–856–9, 247 pp., maps, sources, index)

H. Postwar developments

THE PUZZLE PALACE: A REPORT ON AMERICA'S MOST SECRET AGENCY by James V. Bamford (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982, ISBN 0–395–31286–8, 465 pp.; reprinted by Penguin Books with a new 50‐page afterword, 1983, 655 pp., appendix, notes, acronyms, index)

VENONA: SOVIET ESPIONAGE AND THE AMERICAN RESPONSE, 1939–1957 edited by Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner (Washington, DC: National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency [National Technical Information Service], 1996—$50.00, paper, OCLC 35768954, 450 pp., acronyms, chronology, notes; reprinted by Aegean Park Press, 1997, 503 pp. adding an index and several brief NSA monographs on the subject)

VENONA: DECODING SOVIET ESPIONAGE IN AMERICA by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999— $30.00, ISBN 0–300–07771–8, 487 pp., photos, appendices, notes, index)