论产品缺陷

产品存在缺陷是生产者承担侵权赔偿责任的首要条件,因此讨论产品侵权行为的核心就在于对"缺陷"内容的理解.本文即对产品缺陷的内涵及其分类认定标准进行了较为详细的阐述.     

Self-Cognition and Parental Brain

SYNOPSIS

A key feature of parenting is that it is observable starting from behaviors that are performed daily by adult caregivers during repeated interactions with the child. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research on parental brain should integrate settings that resemble ecologies of situations in which parents typically care for children. However, as our commentators point out, ecological settings in fMRI research are challenging and require a multiperspective approach that systematically considers psychological and behavioral complexities of “mommy brain” to better understand how contingent mental states of mothers articulate with specific multi-tasking situations.     

生存发展问题与可持续发展

生存与发展是同一个问题，人的生存方式的特点就在于用发展求生存。近代以来的现代化发展无疑产生了消极后果，但这并不是天人相分观念的恶果。人类中心主义需要反思并赋予更合理的内涵，但否定人类中心主义是不可能的。实现可持续发展需要反思人类既有的实践与生产方式，建立生产与需要之间合理的辩证关系，提高生活质量与生活品位，实现人与自然的和谐发展。     

Acquisition of reading and written spelling in a transparent orthography: Two non parallel processes?

Reading and written spelling skills for words and non-words of varying length and orthographic complexity were investigated in normal Italian first and second graders. The regularity and transparency of the mapping between letters and phonemes make Italian orthography an unlikely candidate for discrepancies between reading and spelling to emerge. This notwithstanding, the results showed that reading accuracy is significantly better than spelling. The difference is particularly striking in first graders, but it is still evident in 2nd graders, though most strongly on non-words. The data show that reading and written spelling are non parallel processes and that the developmental asynchrony reflects a partial structural independence of the two systems.     

The use of generalizability theory to estimate data reliability in single‐subject observational research

Direct observation of behaviors is a data collection method customarily used in clinical and educational settings. Repeated measures and small samples are inherent characteristics of observational studies that pose challenges to the numerical estimation of reliability for observational data. In this article, we review some debates about the use of Generalizability Theory in estimating reliability of single‐subject observational data. We propose that it could be used but under a clearly stated set of conditions. The conceptualization of facets and object of measurement for a common design of observational research is elucidated under a different light. We provide two numerical examples to illustrate the ideas. Limitations of using Generalizability Theory to estimate reliability of observational data are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 433–439, 2007.     

The CLIA-model: A framework for designing powerful learning environments for thinking and problem solving

A major challenge for education and educational research is to build on our present understanding of learning for designing environments for education that are conducive to fostering in students self-regulatory and cooperative learning skills, transferable knowledge, and a disposition toward competent thinking and problem solving. Taking into account inquiry-based knowledge on learning and recent instructional research, this article presents the CLIA-model (Competence, Learning, Intervention, Assessment) as a framework for the design of learning environments aimed to be powerful in eliciting in students learning processes that facilitate the acquisition of productive knowledge and competent learning and thinking skills. Next, two intervention studies are described that embody major components of this framework, one focussing on mathematical problem solving in primary school, and a second one relating to self-regulatory skills in university freshmen. Both studies were carried out in parallel with the development of the framework, and were instrumental in identifying and specifying the different components of the model. They yielded both promising initial support for the model by showing that CLIA-based learning environments are indeed powerful in facilitating in students the acquisition of high-literacy learning results, especially the acquisition and transfer of self-regulation skills for learning and problem solving.     

Are they ready to teach? Student teachers’ readiness for the job with reference to teacher competence frameworks

This is the first report in a series of studies concerning student teachers’ readiness-for-the-job, defined by a framework of 11 international teacher competences (ITCs). Attaining readiness-for-the-job is connected to four characteristics of teacher education, namely; (1) employing the ITCs in day-to-day teaching in initial teacher education, (2) integrating the ITCs in the curricula of teaching programmes, (3) exercising the ITCs through practicum at schools and (4) by teacher educators modelling the ITCs. In the present study, a student sample from four teacher education colleges (n = 226) was surveyed to explore the extent to which students felt ready-for-the-job. The study outlines the degree to which the characteristics of teacher education are associated with student teachers’ readiness-for-the-job. The results identify the critical areas to be developed in these prospective teachers before they can actually become ready-for-the-job, and especially the central role of their teacher educators in shaping their professional competence.     

Ethnic Identity Development and Acculturation Preferences Among Minority and Majority Youth: Norms and Contact

This article tests a longitudinal model of the antecedents and consequences of changes in identification with indigenous (Mapuche) among indigenous and nonindigenous youth in Chilean school contexts over a 6‐month period (633 nonindigenous and 270 Mapuche students, M_ages = 12.47 and 12.80 years, respectively). Results revealed that in‐group norms supporting contact and quality of intergroup contact at Time 1 predicted student's changes in Mapuche identification at Time 2, which in turn predicted changes in support for adoption of Chilean culture and maintenance of Mapuche culture at Time 2; some of the relationships between these variables were found to be moderated by age and ethnicity. Conceptual and policy implications are addressed in the Discussion .     

电大教育的教学过程质量评价取向

中国电大在新世纪中肩负着充分发挥现代远程教育的扩张功能，办好社会主义大教育的重要任务。为此，我们必须明确电大教学的现代性、技术性、教育性的特点，从中国的社会实情出发，踏踏实实地遵循教育规律，在教学过程中从计划的实施、教学过程的设计、教学进程的控制及师生互动等几个方面把好质量关，以保证“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”的成功。     

“双师型”教师专业身份构建——基于技术哲学视角

当下,由于社会对教育和技术的片面认知,"双师型"教师在专业身份建构过程中面临着缺乏"自在"体认、弱化"置换"能力和忽视"人文"禀赋的实然窘境。技术哲学是解蔽"双师型"教师专业属性及独立身份的上层理论基础。从技术哲学视角来看,"双师型"教师获得的社会声望或所处的特殊位置,必然建立在一定的技术活动及教育过程基础之上,并因其所占有的社会资源和具备的职业属性表现出"教育性""塑造性"和"人文性"的应然性身份特征。基于对技术本质的探讨以及对"双师型"教师专业身份特征的思考,应采取内外兼修、跨界联动和意识强化等举措,将"双师型"教师打造成为"教育与教学的组织者""理性与经验的兼备者"和"文化与生态的观照者"。