Quandaries in the economics of dual technologies and spillovers from military to civilian research and development

In this paper we argue that the ‘standard’ view of the relationship between military and civilian technology is too simple and cannot account for the variety of historical experiences. In order to understand this relationship, attention must be paid to two things: that technologies have a lifecycle, in different parts of which different types of learning are important; and that the relationship between military and civilian sectors will change depending on the nature of the technology involved, in particular whether it is a process or a product technology. In addition, the standard view does not pay heed to the fact that there are specific organizational requirements to realize any potential cross-benefits. We describe a framework with which to analyse the various features of the relationship taking into account these considerations.     

A 5‐Year Longitudinal Study on Mood Variability Across Adolescence Using Daily Diaries

This study explored the development of mood variability in 474 Dutch adolescents (56.8% male, 90.1% medium to high socioeconomic status) from a community sample, followed from ages 13 to 18 years. Three times per year, adolescents reported on daily happiness, anger, sadness, and anxiety for 5 days using Internet diaries (15 assessment weeks; from 2006 to 2010). Mood variability scores were calculated as means of absolute differences between consecutive days. Results showed that happiness, anger, and sadness variability continuously declined across adolescence, while anxiety variability increased initially, then decreased, and then increased toward late adolescence. Despite females experiencing higher happiness and sadness variability, the rate of change across adolescence was similar for both sexes. Implications for normative emotional development and future studies are discussed.     

Morphological analysis, diffusion and lockout of technologies: Ferrous casting in France and the FRG

In this paper we will try to address technological diffusion and substitution from two methodological angles. The first consists in a complete and comprehensive morphological analysis (MA) of a set of (process) technologies for a particular industry. In the second part, we use the results of our MA of the technological trajectories in the casting industry, to analyse their diffusion in two countries, France and the FRG. With respect to the results of this work, we can express two observations. First, this case study will provide valuable insights on the conditions of exit from a “lock-in” situation. Second, the MA will permit us to avoid misinterpretation concerning the asymmetrical character and discontinuities of the diffusion trajectory of the technology under consideration.     

Claiming more: the Increased Voluminosity of Patent Applications and its Determinants

The size of patent applications has doubled over the past two decades, resulting in a dramatic surge in the workload of patent offices all over the world and serious concerns over patent quality standards. The current paper investigates the sources of this inflation in claims and pages for EPO applications. Four hypotheses are quantitatively examined: the diffusion of national drafting practices, the complexity of research activities, the emergence of new sectors, and filing strategies. The results validate the four hypotheses. They reveal major differences across countries in patent drafting styles, especially between Civil and Common Law countries, the latter being characterized by much larger patents. Second, the success of the PCT route is leading to the harmonizing of drafting styles worldwide on the US model. This paper therefore challenges the commonly accepted idea that more claims reflect a broader scope of protection by showing that the size of patents is partly due to institutional changes in the system.     

地方身份的重要性及其对于遗产保护的支撑作用：以比利时根特城市核心区工业化前的邻里关系为例

遗产包括代际之间物质和非物质的交流,各个群体和团体随着其所处环境、与自然界的相互关系和历史条件的变化不断使这种代代相传的物质的和非物质的遗产得到保护和创新,同时使他们自己具有一种认同感和历史感,从而促进了文化多样性,激发人类的创造力。但是目前这种交流的客观事实或性质以及历史维度在遗产保护中并没有给予足够的重视。本文针对遗产在当地社区身份中的重要性,以及地方身份是否在当地居民中产生了对遗产保护的积极性等问题进行了探讨,调查了遗产及其保护是否以及如何成为社区复兴、保护意识、社区建设及公众参与的一个组成部分。因此,当地居民的态度及其期望是非常关键的因素。本文对在比利时弗兰德地区根特城市核心区工业化前的邻里关系进行了考察,并进行了大量的参与式图片调查。尽管其历史渊源相当独特,但当地居民反对退化和支持保护的动机却具有更加普遍的价值。     

Understanding the Forms of Government in Today’s Liberal and Democratic Societies: An Introduction

What I consider in this paper are various forms of government, various technologies and discursive regimes of government that are in common use today. What interests me are the categories and tools, practical dispositifs and languages that developed over the last decades ‘to constitute, define, organize, and instrumentalize the strategies that individuals, acting freely, may use to deal with one another’ (Foucault). The paper considers first the neo-liberal wish to reassert the individual as alone in responsibility for his/her own life after the unfortunate digression into Welfare Statism and Keynesian economics, source of all ills. It then focuses on some material and social technologies that encourage people to accept full and complete ‘self-sovereignty’. This section leads to a discussion on the new demands (and resistance) society imposed on this liberal normative ideal. It notably considers the growing demands to ‘participate’ in decision processes and to be environmentally friendly. In section “Les Mots et Les Choses: A New Discursive Regime”, it considers the discursive regime that progressively took shape and which currently permeates international governance bodies of all stripes—from the World Bank to the Conference of Parties for Climate Change. In the final section, it comes back to the initial question and considers what these changes actually mean for the democratic order as constituted over the past 250 years.     

Development of the SIT,an instrument to evaluate the transfer effects of adult education programs for social inclusion

To date, hardly any evidence is available on the quality of adult education programs for vulnerable adults. Evaluation instruments or models mostly focussed on regular education and less on programs of adult education aiming to enhance social inclusion. This study presents a first exploration of the construct validity of a newly developed instrument, called the SIT-instrument (social inclusion after transfer) for the evaluation of educational programs for vulnerable adults and their impact on increasing social inclusion. The sample consisted of 308 respondents belonging to the target-group of vulnerable adults. The results of the validation study indicate a reliable instrument consisting of elements of a learning-environment for “vulnerable” adults influencing 4 specified categories of social inclusion.