Absorption of creatine supplied as a drink, in meat or in solid form.

We examined the plasma concentration curve obtained over 6 h after the ingestion of 2 g of creatine (Cr) (equivalent to 2.3 g Cr x H2O) contained in meat or in solution in five non-users of creatine supplements. Peak plasma creatine concentration was lower after the ingestion of meat but was maintained close to this for a longer period. Measurements of the area under the plasma concentration curve indicated approximate bioequivalence of creatine contained in meat with the same dose supplied in a solution. In a separate study, we examined the plasma concentration time curve after ingestion of solid Cr x H2O. Creatine ingested as a lozenge (crushed in the mouth and swallowed) or as a crystalline suspension in ice cold water resulted in a 20% lower peak concentration and 30-35% smaller area under the plasma creatine concentration curve than the same dose administered in solution. Despite a possibly lower bioavailability, 2.3 g Cr x H2O supplied in either solid form was nonetheless sufficient to raise the plasma concentration five- to six-fold in individuals with a mean body mass of 75.6 kg. We conclude that creatine administered as meat or in solid form is readily absorbed but may result in slightly lower peak concentrations than when the same dose is ingested as a solution.     

The epidemiology and prophylaxis of infectious verbal pomposity

There are two kinds of scientific writing: that which is intended to be read, and that which is intended merely to be cited. The latter tends to be infected with infectious verbal pomposity (IVP). The disease is ubiquitous, but often undiagnozed, with the result that infection spreads to writing of the first type. This paper summarizes our knowledge of the condition, presents a few clinical cases, and offers a new approach to its control.     

Focused Correlation and Confirmation

This essay presents results about a deviation from independencemeasure called focused correlation. This measure explicatesthe formal relationship between probabilistic dependence ofan evidence set and the incremental confirmation of a hypothesis,resolves a basic question underlying Peter Klein and Ted Warfield's‘truth-conduciveness’ problem for Bayesian coherentism,and provides a qualified rebuttal to Erik Olsson's claim thatthere is no informative link between correlation and confirmation.The generality of the result is compared to recent programsin Bayesian epistemology that attempt to link correlation andconfirmation by utilizing a conditional evidential independencecondition. Several properties of focused correlation are alsohighlighted.

1. Introduction
2. Correlation Measures

   2.1 Standard covarianceand correlation measures

   2.2 The Wayne–Shogenjimeasure

   2.3 Interpreting correlation measures

   2.4 Correlationandevidential independence

3. Focused Correlation
4. Conclusion

Appendix     

Some Aspects of Evaluation in a Health Education Workshop

Abstract

This study attempted to determine not only the change in health knowledge evidenced by 62 participants in a three-week health education workshop but also the relationship between each student's knowledge and the rating of his contribution to a workshop situation, as measured by staff and fellow workshop members. It was concluded that there was considerable gain in health knowledge. However, although there was substantial agreement between instructor and fellow student ratings as to the contribution of a particular individual to the workshop, there was apparently little relationship between his knowledge as measured by standardized test scores and the above ratings.     

A Constructivist Perspective for Integrating Spirituality Into Counselor Training

Significant efforts have been made in recent years to integrate training in spirituality and religion into counselor training programs. This article highlights issues that may be encountered by some trainees and suggests that constructivist teaching principles be used to mitigate these concerns. The authors present recommendations and activities in the context of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (2009) Spiritual Competencies.     

Exploring inclusive practices in primary schools: focusing on children’s voices

This paper reports a small-scale research project which took place in one primary school in the north-east of England. The study aimed to listen to children’s views about how the practices of teachers helped and/or hindered their sense of inclusion in classrooms. Inclusion was understood here in a broad sense rather than specifically relating to children with special educational needs. Participatory research tools were used as part of group interviews with children from three different year groups. Even though the children were mostly happy with their school experience, it was noticeable that there were some areas for concern for some children that related to four interconnecting themes: unfairness, shouting, loneliness and seating plans. All of these themes seemed to be connected with children’s interpersonal relationships – with teachers and with each other – and can be seen as crucial in terms of understanding inclusion in schools and further developing existing practices.     

The Effect of a Noise Reducing Test Accommodation on Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities

Researchers in the fields of cognitive psychology and education have been studying the negative effects of noise on human performance for almost a century. A new empirical study that builds upon past relevant research on (1) test accommodations and (2) auditory distraction and academic performance was conducted with elementary age students. Reading comprehension tasks were completed by students with and without learning disabilities while wearing and not wearing noise‐reducing headphones. Results of three independent statistical analyses are presented. Implications, limitations, and the need for future research are also discussed.