Genetic research and testing in sport and exercise science: A review of the issues

Abstract

This review is based on the BASES position stand on “Genetic Research and Testing in Sport and Exercise Science”. Our aims are first to introduce the reader to research in sport and exercise genetics and then to highlight ethical problems arising from such research and its applications. Sport and exercise genetics research in the form of transgenic animal and human association studies has contributed significantly to our understanding of exercise physiology and there is potential for major new discoveries. Researchers starting out in this field will have to ensure an appropriate study design to avoid, for example, statistically underpowered studies. Ethical concerns arise more from the applications of genetic research than from the research itself, which is assessed by ethical committees. Possible applications of genetic research are genetic performance tests or genetic tests to screen, for example, for increased risk of sudden death during sport. The concerns are that genetic performance testing could be performed on embryos and could be used to select embryos for transplantation or abortion. Screening for risk of sudden death may reduce deaths during sporting events but those that receive a positive diagnosis may suffer severe psychological consequences. Equally, it will be almost impossible to keep a positive diagnosis confidential if the individual tested is an elite athlete.     

Developmental consequences of early parenting experiences: self-recognition and self-regulation in three cultural communities

This study relates parenting of 3-month-old children to children's self-recognition and self-regulation at 18 to 20 months. As hypothesized, observational data revealed differences in the sociocultural orientations of the 3 cultural samples' parenting styles and in toddlers' development of self-recognition and self-regulation. Children of Cameroonian Nso farmers who experience a proximal parenting style develop self-regulation earlier, children of Greek urban middle-class families who experience a distal parenting style develop self-recognition earlier, and children of Costa Rican middle-class families who experience aspects of both distal and proximal parenting styles fall between the other 2 groups on both self-regulation and self-recognition. Results are discussed with respect to their implications for culturally informed developmental pathways.     

近海应用中土壤-结构界面的亚塑性模型（英文）

目的:研究一种使用连续的土壤模型模拟土壤-结构界面的新方法,并阐述这些模型增强土壤-结构相互作用的建模方法。创新点:1.基于先前的亚塑性模型,通过将晶粒间应变的概念融入模型公式来模拟循环载荷。2.整体性较好的模型具有更好、更精确的模拟结果。方法:1.采用一种砂浆接触的力学方法,其中一个表面作为主面,另一个表面作为从属面。2.采用砂浆接触的力学方法并结合用户定义的子程序,对土壤-结构界面进行建模。3.基于先前的亚塑性模型,将晶粒间应变的概念融入模型公式来模拟循环载荷。结论:1.整体性较好的模型具有更好、更精确的模拟结果。2.本文提出的土壤-结构界面建模方法不仅提高了模拟结果,且在某些模拟中提高了数值收敛性。