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81.
82.
Herbert W. Marsh Marjorie Seaton Ulrich Trautwein Oliver Lüdtke K. T. Hau Alison J. O’Mara Rhonda G. Craven 《Educational Psychology Review》2008,20(3):319-350
The big-fish–little-pond effect (BFLPE) predicts that equally able students have lower academic self-concepts (ASCs) when
attending schools where the average ability levels of classmates is high, and higher ASCs when attending schools where the
school-average ability is low. BFLPE findings are remarkably robust, generalizing over a wide variety of different individual
student and contextual level characteristics, settings, countries, long-term follow-ups, and research designs. Because of
the importance of ASC in predicting future achievement, coursework selection, and educational attainment, the results have
important implications for the way in which schools are organized (e.g., tracking, ability grouping, academically selective
schools, and gifted education programs). In response to Dai and Rinn (Educ. Psychol. Rev., 2008), we summarize the theoretical model underlying the BFLPE, minimal conditions for testing the BFLPE, support for its robust
generalizability, its relation to social comparison theory, and recent research extending previous implications, demonstrating
that the BFLPE stands up to scrutiny.
Quotations (associated page numbers) to the Dai and Rinn (2008) article are based on a prepublication version of the article available to the authors of this article that may have changed
during the final preparation for publication.
The authors would also like to express thanks to David Dai and Anne Rinn for their encouragement and assistance to us in preparation
of our article, whilst still acknowledging that they might not agree will all the views expressed here. 相似文献
83.
The so-called Culture Wars have made the issue of religious tolerance in schools more confusing than ever. Where once free
speech trumped nearly every concern in these wars in the public schools, there is now great concern about whether messages
put out are politically correct. The preoccupation teachers now have with avoiding speech or themes likely to get them into
trouble has led to a new form of censorship. The authors explain that free speech in the educational forum requires respect
for every earnest attempt to get at a legitimate truth claim. In matters religious, this epistemic openness is no longer respected.
The argument below does not encourage teachers to engage in debate among students in matters religious, or even to encourage
it. Nor are the arguments below aimed at introducing religious discourse as a means of developing skills of critical thinking
as the feminist, moral philosopher Nel Noddings has previously recommended. The argument simply concludes with the modest
recommendation that teachers be more conscientious about indirectly censoring or trivializing student religious speculations. 相似文献
84.
This study examined the associations between classmates’ reading-related gender stereotypes and students’ reading self-efficacy, self-concept, motivation, and achievement. Our sample consisted of 1,508 fifth-grade students (49% girls; age: 10.89 years); data were collected at two time points. Multilevel analyses yielded two main results: First, there was a relation between students’ individual reading-related gender stereotypes and their reading self-concept, self-efficacy, and motivation with boys experiencing negative and girls experiencing positive effects. Second, a contextual effect was found: after controlling for students’ individual reading-related gender stereotypes, classmates’ gender stereotypes were negatively related to all of the boys’ reading outcomes. The results provide evidence for the assumption that classmates are important communicators of gender stereotypes and that they reinforce conforming behaviors. 相似文献
85.
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87.
This paper provides an overview of the issues raised during a 1990 seminar on the effects of programmes and policies for foreign students and study abroad. The seminar was organised by the Hochschul-Informations-System in co-operation with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In particular, this paper addresses those concerns related to national policy and institutional responses in the light of changing patterns of foreign student flows and against the background of the new global economic and political setting.The views expressed are those of the authors and do not commit the organisations or governments concerned. 相似文献
88.
89.
Gilbert de Landsheere Marten Groen John Biggs John F. Willatt David Thomas Clare Burstall Robin Russell J. R. Barr Gerhard Pause Donald E. Super John B. Biggs Alan C. Purves Klaus Schleicher Herbert A. Thelen Neville Postlethwaite Börje Holmberg Kenneth Austwick Sven Hilding A Group of Scottish Physics Teachers 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1967,13(1):90-123
90.
Beall Herbert Trimbur John Weininger Stephen J. 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》1994,3(2):99-105
The learning of chemistry is described as a process analogous to the process of making chemical discoveries. Historical examples are given to show how chemists have used their insight to break out of a conceptual loop in order to advance the science. Having the insight to make the intuitive leap necessary to break a conceptual loop is as important as having the mastery of the pertinent facts. As in making chemical discoveries, learning elementary chemistry requires developing insight as well as acquiring mastery of the facts. However, current general chemistry teaching tends to teach facts first and insight later. Suggestions for improving this situation so that insight and facts are learned together are given. Finally, the nature of insight is probed more deeply and presented as a two-step process where the first step is an evaluation of the perceptions about science which are held. Once the student, teacher, or researcher has a clear evaluation of the validity of the perceptions that he or she holds, further significant progress toward understanding or scientific discovery is possible. 相似文献