关于中国古代体育起源的两个问题

1.对以民间传说与神话资料作为中国古代体育起源的依据提出了质疑,认为这种研究在把握资料上缺乏理性分析,这些资料只能作为传说来看待。2.对中国体育史学家提出的人类原始的体育活动方式可以追溯到5万年到10万年甚至50万年以前提出不同意见。认为岩画不能作为中国古代体育最早的考古学证据,考古学家几乎没有发现任何证据证明史前时代的中国有体育存在。3.甲骨文不能作为体育史学提供证据,它所提供的一些活动不具备竞技的特点,不能纳入体育或竞技格斗的范畴。从考古学的观点来看,真正的体育只能追溯到后周时代。     

On the Impact of Learning Cycle Teaching on Austrian High School Students’ Emotions,Academic Self-Concept,Engagement, and Achievement

Research in Science Education - Over the past several decades, empirical support for inquiry-based forms of science teaching has accumulated. Critical voices, however, also exist, claiming that...     

Early Deception and the Child's Theory of Mind: False Trails and Genuine Markers

The ability to understand false beliefs is critical to a concept of mind. Chandler, Fritz, and Hala challenge recent claims that this ability emerges only at around 4 years of age. They report that 2- and 3-year-olds remove true trails and lay false ones to mislead someone about the location of a hidden object. Experiment 1 confirmed that 2- and 3-year-olds produce apparently deceptive ploys, but they produce them less often than 4-year-olds, require prompting, and rarely anticipate their impact on the victim's beliefs or search. In addition, Experiment 2 showed that 3-year-olds produce deceptive and informative ploys indiscriminately, whether asked to mislead a competitor or inform a collaborator. By contrast, 4-year-olds act selectively. The results support earlier claims that an understanding of false beliefs and deceptive ploys emerges at around 4 years of age. 2- and 3-year-olds can be led to produce such ploys but show no clear understanding of their effect.