流动人口的社会保障陷阱和社会保障的流动陷阱

《城镇企业职工基本养老保险关系转移接续暂行办法》并没有摆脱社会保障的制度陷阱、不公平陷阱和低水平陷阱,反而又延伸出了社会保障的流动陷阱和踢皮球陷阱。这些陷阱形成的主要原因不是人口和社会保障的流动造成的,而是社会保障的模式、现行财政制度和相关政策体系以及区域经济社会发展不均衡联合导致的。要摆脱这些陷阱,实现人口和社会保障的自由流动,我们需要以建立健全全国社会保障模式弹性统一为主线,以加强社会保障网络信息化建设为基础,以提高社会保障统筹层次为重点,以衔接城乡二元社会保障制度为突破口,以建立健全社会保障均等化服务转移支付政策体系为支撑,最终实现"全民覆盖、弹性统一、服务均衡、流转自由、可持续发展"的社会保障制度。     

Infant Pathways to Externalizing Behavior: Evidence of Genotype × Environment Interaction

To further the understanding of the effects of early experiences, 9-month-old infants were observed during a frustration task. The analytical sample was composed of 348 linked triads of participants (adoptive parents, adopted child, and birth parent[s]) from a prospective adoption study. It was hypothesized that genetic risk for externalizing problems and affect dysregulation in the adoptive parents would independently and interactively predict a known precursor to externalizing problems: heightened infant attention to frustrating events. Results supported the moderation hypotheses involving adoptive mother affect dysregulation: Infants at genetic risk showed heightened attention to frustrating events only when the adoptive mother had higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. The Genotype × Environment interaction pattern held when substance use during pregnancy was considered.     

Reading to Learn or Learning to Read? Engaging College Students in Course Readings

Despite instructors' belief that class readings are integral to the learning process, only 20–30% of undergraduate students complete required readings. Failure to complete course reading has been associated with declines in exam and research performance. This article first offers a brief review of the literature on why students do not complete course readings: 1) unpreparedness, 2) lack of motivation, 3) time constraints, and 4) an underestimation of reading importance. We then identify approaches that encourage students to read, enjoy reading, and develop metacognitive knowledge, shown to improve learning.