Physical performance in female handball players according to playing position

Demands for female handball players are not yet sufficiently specified, especially not with respect to position-specific performance. For optimal match preparation, individual training based on specific demands of each position is necessary. Consequently, the aim of the study was to gain insight into position-specific differences in female handball players in order to establish position-specific training recommendations. Data from 652 female players from German leagues of all levels were analyzed using a test-battery assessing handball-relevant physical performance factors. Players were tested during their usual training in their regular training locations for running, throwing speed, jumping height, reaction-speed, basic running endurance, arm and abdominal muscle strength and hamstrings and lower back flexibility. Significant differences between positions were found for several parameters, while the differences were pronounced variably at the different performance levels. For example, goalkeepers performed worst in the Half-Cooper test (p?<?0.001) at elite level with wings displaying the best values. Halfbacks had the highest throwing speed (p?<?0.001) and jumping heights (p?<?0.002) at elite level. Goalkeepers were slowest for best and mean value out of five attempts (p?<?0.001; p?<?0.010) in 20?m sprint but, together with wings outperformed half and centre backs at elite level in 30?m sprint (best out of two attempts, p?<?0.001). Goalkeepers also did fewer chin ups than wing and back players at elite level (p?<?0.003). The present study demonstrated positional differences regarding physical performance parameters, thus suggesting the need to intensify position-specific training, especially for goalkeepers during preparation and in-season. Also, position-specific testing during selection-processes might be indicated.     

Konzipierung und Realisierung des Breitband-Wissenschaftsnetzes des DFN-Vereins

Zusammenfassung.   Der st?ndig steigende Bedarf der Einrichtungen aus Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung an Bandbreite zur übertragung multimedialer Daten machte den Aufbau eines Breitband-Wissenschaftsnetzes (B-WiN) erforderlich. Der folgende Bericht erl?utert die Methodik der Konzeptionierung und Realisierung des B-WiN. Das Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) unterstützt das Projekt im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 1998 mit erheblichen Zuschüssen. Eingegangen am 23. Mai 1996/Angenommen am 13. Juni 1997     

3D-graphische Werkzeuge zur Analyse komplexer CSP-basierter Modelle

Zusammenfassung.   Die Modellierung komplexer informationsverarbeitender Systeme erfolgt typischerweise durch Gliederung in voneinander unabh?ngige Einheiten, die über ihre Schnittstellen Meldungen austauschen. Deren Beschreibung wird heute haupts?chlich mit 2D-graphischen Werkzeugen durchgeführt. In diesem Beitrag identifizieren wir Probleme, wie sie bei der Modellierung solcher Systeme als Systeme kommunizierender sequentieller Prozesse (CSP) auftreten. CSP selbst, sowie GRAPES und Occam als CSP-Abk?mmlinge sind dabei die Ausgangsbasis der Problemanalyse. Als Probleml?sung schlagen wir eine 2D-graphische Proze?sprache vor. Es wird au?erdem das Werkzeug GRADE-3D beschrieben, welches die Diagramme der Proze?sprache r?umlich darstellt. Es verfügt über Funktionalit?t zur Interaktion mit der Darstellung, zur Analyse und Anzeige von Kommunikationsstrukturen sowie zur Modellbearbeitung. Es werden ferner L?sungen für typische Probleme von 3D-Werkzeugen vorgestellt. Den Abschlu? bildet eine Bewertung der 3D-Werkzeuge unter den Aspekten Text vs. 2D vs. 3D sowie aus der Sicht von GRAPES-Modellierern. Eingegangen am 9. August 1996/Angenommen am 6. Juni 1997     

Communicating the variability of a software-product family to customers

Variability is a central concept in software product family development. Variability empowers constructive reuse and facilitates the derivation of different, customer specific products from the product family. If many customer specific requirements can be realised by exploiting the product family variability, the reuse achieved is obviously high. If not, the reuse is low. It is thus important that the variability of the product family is adequately considered when eliciting requirements from the customer. In this paper we sketch the challenges for requirements engineering for product family applications. More precisely we elaborate on the need to communicate the variability of the product family to the customer. We differentiate between variability aspects which are essential for the customer and aspects which are more related to the technical realisation and need thus not be communicated to the customer. Motivated by the successful usage of use cases in single product development we propose use cases as communication medium for the product family variability. We discuss and illustrate which customer relevant variability aspects can be represented with use cases, and for which aspects use cases are not suitable. Moreover we propose extensions to use case diagrams to support an intuitive representation of customer relevant variability aspects.Received: 14 October 2002, Accepted: 8 January 2003, This work was partially funded by the CAFÉ project From Concept to Application in System Family Engineering; Eureka ! 2023 Programme, ITEA Project ip00004 (BMBF, Förderkennzeichen 01 IS 002 C) and the state Nord-Rhein-Westfalia. This paper is a significant extension of the paper Modellierung der Variabilität einer Produktfamilie, [15].