全文获取类型
收费全文 | 59679篇 |
免费 | 1015篇 |
国内免费 | 1386篇 |
专业分类
教育 | 34957篇 |
科学研究 | 10800篇 |
各国文化 | 247篇 |
体育 | 4267篇 |
综合类 | 3665篇 |
文化理论 | 154篇 |
信息传播 | 7990篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 15篇 |
2023年 | 79篇 |
2022年 | 688篇 |
2021年 | 1582篇 |
2020年 | 1140篇 |
2019年 | 626篇 |
2018年 | 667篇 |
2017年 | 703篇 |
2016年 | 656篇 |
2015年 | 2011篇 |
2014年 | 3035篇 |
2013年 | 3902篇 |
2012年 | 4488篇 |
2011年 | 4923篇 |
2010年 | 4758篇 |
2009年 | 4288篇 |
2008年 | 4121篇 |
2007年 | 4544篇 |
2006年 | 4346篇 |
2005年 | 3591篇 |
2004年 | 2167篇 |
2003年 | 1873篇 |
2002年 | 1962篇 |
2001年 | 1690篇 |
2000年 | 1036篇 |
1999年 | 867篇 |
1998年 | 563篇 |
1997年 | 367篇 |
1996年 | 332篇 |
1995年 | 201篇 |
1994年 | 194篇 |
1993年 | 123篇 |
1992年 | 140篇 |
1991年 | 72篇 |
1990年 | 54篇 |
1989年 | 75篇 |
1988年 | 38篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 20篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 27篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
1957年 | 25篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 16 毫秒
901.
Shuyu Xiao Yaming Jin Xiaomei Lu Sang-Wook Cheong Jiangyu Li Yang Li Fengzhen Huang Jinsong Zhu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(2):278
Ferroelectric domain walls differ from domains not only in their crystalline and discrete symmetry, but also in their electronic, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Although domain walls provide a degree of freedom to regulate the physical properties at the nanoscale, the relatively lower controllability prevents their practical applications in nano-devices. In this work, with the advantages of 3D domain configuration detection based on piezoresponse force microscopy, we find that the mobility of three types of domain walls (tail-to-tail, head-to-tail, head-to-head) in (001) BiFeO3 films varies with the applied electrical field. Under low voltages, head-to-tail domain walls are more mobile than other domain walls, while, under high voltages, tail-to-tail domain walls become rather active and possess relatively long average lengths. This is due to the high nucleation energy and relatively low growth energy for charged domain walls. Finally, we demonstrate the manipulation of domain walls through successive electric writings, resulting in well-aligned conduction paths as designed, paving the way for their application in advanced spintronic, memory and communication nano-devices. 相似文献
902.
903.
Ningsi Zhang Xin Wang Jianyong Feng Huiting Huang Yongsheng Guo Zhaosheng Li Zhigang Zou 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(6):1059
Although β-Fe2O3 has a high theoretical solar-to-hydrogen efficiency because of its narrow band gap, the study of β-Fe2O3 photoanodes for water splitting is elusive as a result of their metastable nature. Raman identification of β-Fe2O3 is theoretically and experimentally investigated in this study for the first time, thus clarifying the debate about its Raman spectrum in the literature. Phase transformation of β-Fe2O3 to α-Fe2O3 was found to potentially take place under laser and electron irradiation as well as annealing. Herein, phase transformation of β-Fe2O3 to α-Fe2O3 was inhibited by introduction of Zr doping, and β-Fe2O3 was found to withstand a higher annealing temperature without any phase transformation. The solar water splitting photocurrent of the Zr-doped β-Fe2O3 photoanode was increased by 500% compared to that of the pure β-Fe2O3 photoanode. Additionally, Zr-doped β-Fe2O3 exhibited very good stability during the process of solar water splitting. These results indicate that by improving its thermal stability, metastable β-Fe2O3 film is a promising photoanode for solar water splitting. 相似文献
904.
905.
Chuan Chen Rui Li Lin Shu Zhiyu He Jining Wang Chengming Zhang Huanfei Ma Kazuyuki Aihara Luonan Chen 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(6):1079
Predicting time series has significant practical applications over different disciplines. Here, we propose an Anticipated Learning Machine (ALM) to achieve precise future-state predictions based on short-term but high-dimensional data. From non-linear dynamical systems theory, we show that ALM can transform recent correlation/spatial information of high-dimensional variables into future dynamical/temporal information of any target variable, thereby overcoming the small-sample problem and achieving multistep-ahead predictions. Since the training samples generated from high-dimensional data also include information of the unknown future values of the target variable, it is called anticipated learning. Extensive experiments on real-world data demonstrate significantly superior performances of ALM over all of the existing 12 methods. In contrast to traditional statistics-based machine learning, ALM is based on non-linear dynamics, thus opening a new way for dynamics-based machine learning. 相似文献
906.
Most metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hardly maintain their physical and chemical properties after exposure to alkaline aqueous solutions, thus precluding their use as potential electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, we present the design and synthesis of a highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@MOF composite, Co3O4 nanocube@Co-MOF (Co3O4@Co-MOF), via a controllable and facile one-pot hydrothermal method under highly alkaline conditions. The obtained composite possesses exceptional alkaline stability, retaining its original structure in 3.0 M KOH for at least 15 days. Benefitting from the exceptional alkaline stability, unique structure, and larger surface area, the Co3O4@Co-MOF composite shows a specific capacitance as high as 1020 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a high cycling stability with only 3.3% decay after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The as-constructed solid-state flexible device exhibits a maximum energy density of 21.6 mWh cm−3. 相似文献
907.
Wei Wu Kai Liu Yanjie Li Zhenhai Yu Desheng Wu Yuting Shao Shihang Na Gang Li Ruizhen Huang Tao Xiang Jianlin Luo 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(1):21
Exploration of superconductivity in Cr-based compounds has attracted considerable interest because only a few Cr-based superconductors (CrAs, A2Cr3As3 and ACr3As3 (A = K, Rb, Cs, Na)) have been discovered so far and they show an unconventional pairing mechanism. We report the discovery of bulk superconductivity at 5.25 K in chromium nitride in Pr3Cr10-xN11 with a cubic lattice structure. A relatively large upper critical field of Hc2(0) ∼ 12.6 T is determined, which is larger than the estimated Pauli-paramagnetic pair-breaking magnetic field. The material has a large electronic specific-heat coefficient of 170 mJ K−2 mol−1—about 10 times larger than that estimated by the electronic structure calculation, which suggests that correlations between 3d electrons are very strong in Pr3Cr10-xN11, and thus quantum fluctuations might be involved. Electronic structure calculations show that the density of states at the Fermi energy are contributed predominantly by Cr 3d electrons, implying that the superconductivity results mainly from the condensation of Cr 3d electrons. Pr3Cr10-xN11 represents a rare example of possible unconventional superconductivity emerging in a 3D system with strong electron correlations. Nevertheless, clarification of the specific pairing symmetry needs more investigation. 相似文献
908.
Applying metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in electrochemical systems is a currently emerging field owing to the rich metal nodes and highly specific surface area of MOFs. However, the problems for MOFs that need to be solved urgently are poor electrical conductivity and low ion transport. Here we present a facile in situ growth method for the rational synthesis of MOFs@hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS) yolk–shell-structured hybrid material for the first time. The size of the encapsulated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) is well controlled to 100 nm due to the spatial confinement effect of HMCS, and the electrical conductivity of ZIF-67 is also increased significantly. The ZIF@HMCS-25% hybrid material obtained exhibits a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction activity with 0.823 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) half-wave potential and an even higher kinetic current density (JK = 13.8 mA cm−2) than commercial Pt/C. ZIF@HMCS-25% also displays excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance and the overpotential of ZIF@HMCS-25% at 10 mA cm−2 is 407 mV. In addition, ZIF@HMCS-25% is further employed as an air electrode for a rechargeable Zn–air battery, exhibiting a high power density (120.2 mW cm−2 at 171.4 mA cm−2) and long-term charge/discharge stability (80 h at 5 mA cm−2). This MOFs@HMCS yolk–shell design provides a versatile method for the application of MOFs as electrocatalysts directly. 相似文献
909.
This study describes theory and methods for developing detonation-driven shock tunnels in hypervelocity test facilities. The primary concept and equations for high-enthalpy shock tunnels are presented first to demonstrate the unique advantage of shock tubes for aerodynamic ground-based testing. Then, the difficulties in simulating flight conditions in hypervelocity shock tunnels are identified, and discussed in detail to address critical issues underlying these difficulties. Theory and methods for developing detonation drivers are proposed, and relevant progress that has advanced the state of the art in large-scale hypersonic test facilities is presented with experimental verifications. Finally, tailored conditions for detonation-driven shock tunnels are described, laying a solid foundation to achieve long test duration. This interface-matching key issue encountered in developing shock tunnels has been investigated for decades, but not solved for detonation drivers in engineering applications. 相似文献
910.
Afforestation in China provides carbon sequestration and prevents soil erosion, but its remote impacts on climate in other regions via the coupling of forest energy fluxes with atmospheric circulation are largely unknown. Here, we prescribe inventory-based forest cover change and satellite-observed leaf area index from 1982 to 2011 in a coupled land-atmosphere model to simulate their biophysical climate effects. Both local and global surface air temperatures show a seasonal contrast in response to past vegetation cover expansion over China: a phenomenon we primarily attribute to a variation of seasonality of vegetation greening. A large cooling in spring results in concurrent decreases in geopotential height over China and zonal wind over Mongolia, causing a dipole structure in the upper troposphere over the Arctic. This accounts for ∼58% of simulated spring warming over the Russian Arctic and ∼61% of simulated spring cooling over the Canadian Artic. Our results imply that spring vegetation dynamics in China may affect climate in northern high latitudes. 相似文献