The use of a website in the implementation of a communication policy in an enterprise

The possibility of using an enterprise’s website to implement its communication policy is considered. The classification of websites is presented and the interconnection of objectives for constructing an electronic representation and its information content is described. The role of an enterprise’s information service employees in the construction, support, and promotion of the enterprise’s website is defined.     

Comparison of the men's and the women's pole vault at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games

The aim of this study was to identify differences between elite male and female pole vaulters in terms of their mechanical energy and angular momentum. The vaulter's total mechanical energy and angular momentum were calculated from the three-dimensional kinematic data of the pole vault finals at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The development of total, kinetic and potential energy showed similar characteristics for men and women. The initial energy of the vault, the energy at maximum pole bend position and the final energy were significantly higher for male athletes (P <0.05), while the energy gain produced by the athletes during the vault showed no significant differences (male vaulters 5.88 +/- 1.02 J.kg(-1), female vaulters 5.74 +/- 1.63 J.kg(-1)). Time-related parameters relating to pole bending and recoiling also showed no significant differences (P <0.05). In contrast to the male vaulters, the female vaulters did not show a free upward flight phase. The angular momentum was significantly higher for the female vaulters during the initial pole bend and during the bar clearance (P <0.05). We conclude that the pole vaulting technique of female elite athletes is not a projection of the technique of male elite vaulters at a lower jump height, but rather a different way of jumping and interacting with the elastic pole. The current technique of elite female pole vaulters still has potential for further improvement.     

Biomechanical loading in the triple jump

The triple jump is a demanding field event in which a jumper must tolerate extremely high impact forces while maintaining high horizontal speed. The present study was designed to clarify the mechanical loading characteristics and the role of neuromuscular function in the triple jump. Seven national triple jumpers (4 males, 3 females) volunteered to perform 3-6 jumps. The mean best performances were 14.32+/-0.45 m and 11.90+/-0.28 m for males and females, respectively. The three longest triple jumps for each jumper were selected for final analysis. The mean contact times were 0.139 s (hop), 0.157 s (step) and 0.177 s (jump). The largest ground reaction forces were observed in the step (15.2 times body weight), while the highest peak pressures were recorded under the heel and forefoot. The plantar pressure of the lateral side of the forefoot was highly related to the length of the triple jump (P < 0.05-0.01). In addition, electromyograms of both legs Suggested that mechanical loading places high demands on the neuromuscular system, as characterized by the high rate of activation in the pre-activity phase followed by high eccentric activity. Thus, the high activities of the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis and hip extensor muscles seem to play an important role in preventing unnecessary yielding of the jumper during the braking phase.     

Perceptions of the physical environment,stage of change for physical activity,and walking among Australian adults

Data for this study were from a population survey of 1,200 adults ages 40-60 years, sampled from the Illawarra region of New South Wales. Questionnaire items on perceptions of the environment were factor analyzed into: Aesthetic Environment and Practical Environment. For both factors, those in the Contemplation stage had more negative views of the environment than those in Maintenance. Those who walked for 0-20 min/week held more negative perceptions of their environment than those who walked for 21-120 min/week and those who walked for > 120 min/week. The health promotion implications of these findings are that environments perceived as attractive and as providing convenient access to services and facilities may influence motivational readiness for physical activity and time spent walking.     

Kinetics of heart rate responses to exercise

In order to describe the kinetics of the reaction of the heart rate (HR) to the onset of exercise of constant intensity, the half-time (t1/2) of HR can be used. First in a study of exercise of intensity corresponding to 2 W kg-1 on a cycle ergometer, the t1/2 in 15 trained male rowers and 11 untrained male students was determined. In the trained subjects t1/2 was smaller than in untrained students, mean (+/- S.D.) values being 24.10 (+/- 3.36) s and 47.12 (+/- 4.08) s respectively. In both groups t1/2 was positively correlated with resting HR, r = 0.774 and 0.846 and negatively correlated with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), r = -0.728 and -0.871 respectively (P less than 0.01). The regulation of HR in the transition range was concluded to be very similar to the regulation of VO2 and energy requirements. The second part of this work was concerned with responses to graded exercise. The linearity of the HR-exercise intensity relationship is maintained up to a submaximal exercise intensity beyond which the increase in exercise intensity exceeds the increase in HR. It was hypothesized that the point where HR departs from linearity in an incremental exercise test may be employed as a predictor of the ventilatory threshold (Tvent). To examine this, 28 trained male long-distance runners were tested on a treadmill and 17 untrained young male subjects were tested on a cycle ergometer using a continuous incremental protocol. The Tvent was determined from the dependence of VE on VO2 and/or VCO2. The VO2, HR and exercise intensity at Tvent were compared with the same parameters determined from the dependence of HR on exercise intensity. No significant differences were found between Tvent and HR break point levels. It was concluded from this second study that the HR break point level coincides with Tvent.     

Using expert evaluations to complete centralized library systems

An interactive system of expert evaluations of offers made by the Russian and foreign information market of scientific literature issued in both printed and electronic form is described. The system supports the database of experts and the periodically updated database of offers of the information market. An expert evaluation is carried out over the internet from a special division of the LNS RAS site, access to which is available only to authorized users, i.e., experts. Expert selectors make decisions about ordering various editions for funding from the centralized library system by analyzing tables formed based on processed results from expert evaluations with the help of specially created software tools.     

Problems in the formation of the thesaurus of electronic commerce

The paper describes stages in the formation of the thesaurus of electronic commerce, the obtained practical results, and approaches to the evaluation of economic efficiency based on introducing the thesaurus into the information search system.