情报科学和明晰系统

文章作者系伊利诺斯大学的情报科学教授,他所创建的明晰(transparent)系统的情报理论颇为有名。这种理论的基本点是采用译码器和转换器使复杂难懂的各个组成部分得到集成和协调而能为不经过专门训练的一般用户所理解。这篇文章就是作者因她有新的贡献,在1984年美国情报学会年会上受奖时的讲话全文。     

原子能的和平应用

苏联部长会议关於第一个原子能工业电力站开始发电的公报,是一件极其重要的事件。它标志着复杂的、繁重的科学研究工作业已告一段落,许多工程技术上的问题也已经得到了解决。第一个原子能工业电力站的开始发电,向全世界宣示了社会主义技术的威力和在发展速度上业已超出资本主义国家科学的苏维埃科学的伟大胜利,同时用事实打击了各种各样外国宣傅家的立足之地,这些宣傅家们一口咬定说,原子能的和平应用,是不现实的,遥远的将来     

The creation of prehistoric man. Aimé Rutot and the Eolith controversy, 1900-1920

Although he died in obscurity, the Belgian museum conservator Aimé Rutot (1847-1933) was one of the most famous European archaeologists between 1900 and 1920. The focus of his scientific interest was stone flints, which he claimed to be the oldest known human tools, so-called eoliths. Skeptics maintained that the flints showed no marks of human workmanship, but Rutot nevertheless managed to spread his "Eolithic theory" in an important part of the scientific community. This essay demonstrates how material objects--series of stone flints and sets of statues that purported to reconstruct prehistoric "races"--were given scientific meaning by Rutot. Rutot diffused his ideas by disseminating his stones and statues, thus enlarging his networks of influence. For a time he managed to be at the material center of a trade network as well as at the intellectual center of archaeological debate. The essay shows how Rutot achieved this status and how he eventually fell from favor among serious scientists.     

Research sheds light on treatment of inflammation

The latest research breakthrough on the molecular mechanism and treatment of inflammation, contributed by scientists from the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and their American collaborators, was reported online by Nature Immunology on July 16, 2007.     

潜水艇

“隐蔽的船”在1719年,莫斯科近郊伯克洛村里的一个农奴叶非姆·尼柯诺夫,在他呈遞给沙皇彼得一世的请求书中写道:他——叶非姆·尼柯诺夫,“将要制造一艘轻便的船,用来在战时对付敌人,这隻船在海里将会在寂静无声的时候发射炮弹至少可以击毁一、二十艘敌舰。”尼柯诺夫报告沙皇,他发明的“隐蔽的船”,可以秘密地袭击敌人的海军,同时他又确定,这种船“能够在水下隐蔽地航行,并且能从军舰底下经过。”此外,发明家自己还愿意负责建造这艘奇怪的船。曾经一手创建起我国海军的彼得大帝,对於这个非凡的设计感到兴趣。根据沙皇的命令,把所需要的材料都     

A declaration on the notion of science

While constantly revealing the laws of the objective world and of mankind itself, science, and technology, whose development is based on the former, have greatly advanced the productive forces of society and brought about changes to people's modes of production and life in general.     

秦始皇兵马俑博物馆室内含硫颗粒物的SEM-EDX研究

本文对秦始皇兵马俑博物馆室内采集的长短期降尘、大气悬浮颗粒物和彩绘漆层进行了SEM-EDX研究，在大气悬浮颗粒、短期和长期降尘中，含硫颗粒的粒径分别为0.9～22.8μm、1.0～29.0μm和1.2～37.7μm，多为石膏与粘土或石英以内部混合的状态存在。降尘中的附着型絮状硫酸钙多于大气悬浮颗粒物中，显示降尘和大气中的二氧化硫发生了累进的化学反应。彩绘漆层表面的坑和裂隙附近观察到原位生长的硫酸钙晶体，显示漆层材料或降尘颗粒物与大气二氧化硫之间的酸化学反应，可能是彩绘漆层表面受侵蚀形成微小坑和裂隙的原因之一。