Causal and predictive-value judgments,but not predictions,are based on cue-outcome contingency

In three experiments, we show that people respond differently when they make predictions as opposed to when they are asked to estimate the causal or the predictive value of cues: Their response to each of those three questions is based on different sets of information. More specifically, we show that prediction judgments depend on the probability of the outcome given the cue, whereas causal and predictivevalue judgments depend on thecue-outcome contingency. Although these results might seem problematic for most associative models in their present form, they can be explained by explicitly assuming the existence of postacquisition processes that modulate participants’ responses in a flexible way.     

Encouraging science through playful discovery

Children are natural investigators. Their innate curiosity and interest in objects, coupled with adult encouragement for them to mess about with these materials, helps, ...children make discoveries that provide a base for scientific conceptual development on which they build for the rest of their lives (McIntyre, 1984, p. 25).Dwight L. Rogers is an assistant professor of Early Childhood Education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Ralph E. Martin is an associate professor in the College of Education at Ohio University in Athens. Sharon Kousaleos is a kindergarten teacher at River Valley Community School in Athens, Ohio.     

SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL INCLUSION AND CHANGING SCHOOL CONTEXTS: A SCOTTISH PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT:  This paper synthesises a collaborative review of social capital theory, with particular regard for its relevance to the changing educational landscape within Scotland. The review considers the common and distinctive elements of social capital, developed by the founding fathers – Putnam, Bourdieu and Coleman – and explores how these might help to understand the changing contexts and pursue opportunities for growth.