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The present experiment was designed to test the prediction that short-term immediate prior exposure to one light change will reduce not only the reward value of that light change but also a light change in the opposite direction. The prediction arises from explanations of sensory reinforcement in terms of a single general need for stimulus change. Each 20-min LCBP (light-contingent barpressing) session was divided into halves (exposure and test periods, respectively). Rats received either light onset or light offset as the reinforcer in the two halves according to a 2 by 2 design. The prediction was confirmed for the first 10 of 15 LCBP sessions, but thereafter exposure to one direction of light change had little or no effect on responding for light change in the other direction. The results were interpreted in terms of (a) an increase across sessions in the level of novelty and change the animals were capable of accommodating and (b) separate reinforcing effects for different sensory changes. 相似文献
186.
We examined the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the 3-day physical activity recall (3DPAR) using confirmatory factor analysis. Adolescent girls from two cohorts (N = 955, N = 1,797) completed the 3DPAR in the eighth grade; participants in Cohort 2 (N = 1,658) completed the 3DPAR again 1 year later in the ninth grade. The 3DPAR was best represented by two uncorrelated factors in Cohort 1. The two-factor, uncorrelated measurement model exhibited evidence of cross-validity between Cohorts 1 and 2. This model also exhibited configural and partial metric invariance between race and across time. Hence, the 3DPAR consisted of two uncorrelated factors underlying three indicators of both moderate and vigorous physical activity in this sample of Black and White girls across a 1-year period. The 3DPAR can be used in cross-sectional, prospective cohort and intervention studies that examine mediators and moderators of physical activity among Black and White adolescent girls. 相似文献
187.
Dowda M Pate RR Felton GM Saunders R Ward DS Dishman RK Trost SG 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2004,75(4):352-360
The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the specific physical activity choices and sedentary pursuits of African American and Caucasian American girls. Participants were 1,124 African American and 1,068 Caucasian American eighth-grade students from 31 middle schools. The 3-Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR) was used to measure participation in physical activities and sedentary pursuits. The most frequently reported physical activities were walking, basketball, jogging or running, bicycling, and social dancing. Differences between groups were found in 11 physical activities and 3 sedentary pursuits. Participation rates were higher in African American girls (p < or = .001) for social dancing, basketball, watching television, and church attendance but lower in calisthenics, ballet and other dance, jogging or running, rollerblading, soccer, softball or baseball, using an exercise machine, swimming, and homework. Cultural differences of groups should be considered when planning interventions to promote physical activity. 相似文献
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189.
A comparative study of baseball bat performance 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Alan M. Nathan Joseph J. Crisco R. M. Greenwald D. A. Russell Lloyd V. Smith 《Sports Engineering》2011,13(4):153-162
The results of a comparative study of five aluminum and one wood baseball bats are presented. The study includes an analysis
of field data, high-speed laboratory testing, and modal analysis. It is found that field performance is strongly correlated
with the ball–bat coefficient of restitution (BBCOR) and only weakly correlated with other parameters of the bat, suggesting
that the BBCOR is the primary feature of a bat that determines its field performance. It is further found that the instantaneous
rotation axis of the bat at the moment of impact is very close to the knob of the bat and that the rotational velocity varies
inversely with the moment of inertia of the bat about the knob. A swing speed formula is derived from the field data and the
limits of its validity are discussed. The field and laboratory measurements of the collision efficiency are generally in good
agreement, as expected on theoretical grounds. Finally, the BBCOR is strongly correlated with the frequency of the lowest
hoop mode of the hollow bats, as predicted by models of the trampoline effect. 相似文献
190.
Jeremy Kilpatrick Edmund King Pierre Ferran Nicolas Hans A. Harry Passow Graeme Kemelfield Eric Ashby Mark Blaug Franklin Parker F. Walz Fritz Borinski Russell F. Farnen Robert F. Lawson Horst Magdeburg Robert J. Havighurst David A. Walker Alexandre Vexliard Josef Havlíček Otto Peters Hans Tutken M. A. Boisard George Z. F. Bereday 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1969,15(1):83-120