Nutrition guidelines for strength sports: sprinting, weightlifting, throwing events, and bodybuilding

Strength and power athletes are primarily interested in enhancing power relative to body weight and thus almost all undertake some form of resistance training. While athletes may periodically attempt to promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy, key nutritional issues are broader than those pertinent to hypertrophy and include an appreciation of the sports supplement industry, the strategic timing of nutrient intake to maximize fuelling and recovery objectives, plus achievement of pre-competition body mass requirements. Total energy and macronutrient intakes of strength-power athletes are generally high but intakes tend to be unremarkable when expressed relative to body mass. Greater insight into optimization of dietary intake to achieve nutrition-related goals would be achieved from assessment of nutrient distribution over the day, especially intake before, during, and after exercise. This information is not readily available on strength-power athletes and research is warranted. There is a general void of scientific investigation relating specifically to this unique group of athletes. Until this is resolved, sports nutrition recommendations for strength-power athletes should be directed at the individual athlete, focusing on their specific nutrition-related goals, with an emphasis on the nutritional support of training.     

Naming-speed processes, timing, and reading: a conceptual review

This article integrates the findings in the special issue with a comprehensive review of the evidence for seven central questions about the role of naming-speed deficits in developmental reading disabilities. Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-linguistic research on naming-speed processes, timing processes, and reading is presented. An evolving model of visual naming illustrates areas of difference and areas of overlap between naming speed and phonology in their underlying requirements. Work in the cognitive neurosciences is used to explore two nonexclusive hypotheses about the putative links between naming speed and reading processes and about the sources of disruption that may cause subtypes of reading disabilities predicted by the double-deficit hypothesis. Finally, the implications of the work in this special issue for diagnosis and intervention are elaborated.     

A History of Errors in the Analysis of Oral Reading Behaviour

Abstract Behavioural analyses of oral reading behaviour have ascribed different functions to errors and the correction of errors. Two positions are discussed. One is the legacy of Skinner which views errors as problematic and which advocates near error‐less learning. The other position views errors and potential errors as providing opportunities for self regulation and enhanced feedback. On the basis of recent research this paper argues that errors can have generative and inhibiting effects on oral reading, depending on the instructional context and the literacy goals of the classroom.     

Interpreting examiners' annotations on examination papers: a sociocultural analysis

In Ireland and the UK it is accepted practice that agencies with formal responsibility for delivering school examinations allow examination candidates, and in many cases their teachers, to see their examination papers once they have been marked. Returned papers can carry various pieces of information; as well as the total score given for a performance, additional information is included in the form of the annotations left on the examination paper by the marking examiner. As far as we know there has been no research into how this information affects those who come into contact with it. The study uses teacher interview and survey data to explore whether a sociocultural approach to analysis can illuminate the factors that might influence their interpretation of those annotations. These analyses suggest that a key influence on the valid interpretation of an examiner's annotations is a teachers' involvement in examining activity. The analyses support further conceptualisation that these teacher-examiners' interpretative capacity is related to their positioning in a boundary zone between two different activity systems.     

The effects of substrate and fluid provision on thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in a hot environment

A high ambient temperature reduces the capacity to perform prolonged exercise. Total carbohydrate oxidation is less, and thus glycogen depletion is not limiting. Fluid ingestion in the heat should, therefore, focus on maintenance of hydration status rather than on substrate provision. Six healthy males cycled to exhaustion at 60% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) with no drink, ingestion of a 15% carbohydrate-electrolyte drink (1.45 - 0.29 litres) or ingestion of a 2% carbohydrate-electrolyte drink (3.12 - 0.47 litres). The ambient temperature was 30.2 - 0.6°C (mean - s ), with a relative humidity of 71 - 1% and an air speed of approximately 0.7 m.s -1 on all trials. Weighted mean skin temperature, rectal temperature and heart rate were recorded and venous samples drawn for determination of plasma volume changes, blood metabolites, serum electrolytes and osmolality. Expired gas was collected to estimate rates of fuel oxidation. Exercise capacity was significantly ( P ? 0.05) different in all trials. The median (range) time to exhaustion was 70.9 min (39.4-97.4 min) in the no-drink trial, 84.0 min (62.7-145 min) in the 15% carbohydrate trial and 118 min (82.6-168 min) in the 2% carbohydrate trial. The 15% carbohydrate drink resulted in significantly ( P ? 0.05) elevated blood glucose and total carbohydrate oxidation compared with the no-drink trial. The 2% carbohydrate drink restored plasma volume to pre-exercise values by the end of exercise. No differences were observed in other thermoregulatory or cardiorespiratory responses between trials. These results suggest that fluid replacement with a large volume of a dilute carbohydrate drink is beneficial during exercise in the heat, but the precise mechanisms for the improved exercise capacity are unclear.     

An annotated bibliography of articles on broadcasting law and regulation in law periodicals, 1920–1955

USING THE MASS MEDIA: COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY. By Steven H. Chaffee and Michael J. Petrick. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1975. 264 pp. $6.95 (paper).

THE GREAT AMERICAN BLOW‐UP: PUFFERY IN ADVERTISING AND SELLING. By Ivan L. Preston. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975. 368 pp. $11.95.

TELEVISION AS A SOCIAL FORCE: NEW APPROACHES TO TV CRITICISM. Edited by Richard Adler. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975. 171 pages. $15.00/$3.95.

RADIO BROADCASTING: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SOUND MEDIUM. Edited by Robert L. Hilliard. New York: Hastings House 1974 (2nd ed.). 312 pp. $10.95/$6.95.

COURSE HANDBOOKS of the Practicing Law Institute. Titles as follows. New York: PLI, 1973–75. $20.00 each, with student price available (paper).

COMMUNICATIONS LAW: 1975. (Handbook 67) 835 pp.

CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CATV: 1974. (Handbook 56) 551 PP.

CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COPYRIGHT LAW: 1975. (Handbook 64–65, two volumes) 476 and 356 pp.

LEGAL AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS OF THE ADVERTISING INDUSTRY: 1975. (Handbook 63) 345 pp.

LEGAL AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS OF THE MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY. (Handbook 37) 606 pp.

LEGAL AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS OF THE RECORD INDUSTRY: 1975. (Handbook 61) 603 pp.

PACKAGING FOR TELEVISION AND MOTION PICTURES. (Handbook 43) 312 pp.