Enhancing cellular immune response to HBV M DNA vaccine in mice by codelivery of interleukin-18 recombinant

Objective: To investigate the effect of interleukin-18 (IL-18) on immune response induced by plasmid encoding hepatitis B virus middle protein antigen and to explore new strategies for prophylactic and therapeutic HBV DNA vaccines. Methods: BALB/c mice were immunized with pCMV-M alone or co-immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M and then their sera were collected for analysing anti-HBsAg antibody by ELISA; splenocytes were isolated for detecting specific CTL response and cytokine assay in vitro. Results: The anti-HBs antibody level of mice co-immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M was slightly higher than that of mice immunized with pCMV-M alone, but there was not significantly different (P>0.05). Compared with mice injected with pCMV-M, the specific CTL cytotoxity activity of mice immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M was significantly enhanced (P<0.05) and the level of IFN-γ in supernatant of splenocytes cultured with HBsAg in vitro was significantly elevated (P<0.05) while the level of IL-4 had no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: The plasmid encoding IL-18 together with HBV M gene DNA vaccines may enhance specific TH1 cells and CTL cellular immune response induced in mice, so that IL-18 is a promising immune adjuvant.     

Response-cost punishment with pigeons: Further evidence of response suppression via token loss

Four pigeons responded on a two-component multiple token-reinforcement schedule, in which tokens were produced according to a random-interval 30-sec schedule and exchanged according to a variable-ratio 4 schedule in both components. To assess the effects of contingent token loss, tokens were removed after every second response (i.e., fixed-ratio 2 loss) in one of the components. Response rates were selectively lower in the loss components relative to baseline (no-loss) conditions, as well as to the within-condition no-loss components. Response rates were decreased to a greater degree in the presence of tokens than in their absence. To control for the effects of changes in the density of token and food reinforcement, two parts consisted of additional conditions where food density and token loss were yoked to those in a previous loss condition. In the yoked-food condition, tokens were produced as usual in both components, but the overall density of food reinforcement in one of the components was yoked to that obtained during a previous token-loss condition. In the yoked token-loss condition, tokens were removed during one component of the multiple schedule at a rate that approximately matched the obtained rate of loss from a previous token-loss condition. Response rates in these yoked components were less affected than those in comparable loss components, despite similar densities of token, exchange, and food reinforcement. On the whole, the results support the conclusion that contingent token loss serves as an effective punisher with pigeons.     

蕴涵怪论辨析

蕴涵怪论是指在二值逻辑的蕴涵理论中，对蕴涵关系真的所有可能情况作某种解释而产生的怪异现象。蕴涵怪论的产生并非来自蕴涵关系本身。当人们把实质蕴涵的真用某一语句进行解释，或者由重言蕴涵式的必然性得到某种可能性，或者将某种实际的推论看作蕴涵关系时，怪论就可能会产生。蕴涵怪论的存在是实实在在的，试图消除蕴涵怪论的努力促进了蕴涵理论的发展。     

大鼠左心室流出道电生理特性的观察

目的为了观察大鼠左心室流出道组织是否具有自动节律性.方法利用细胞内微电极记录技术,观察了18例大鼠左心室流出道组织的电生理特征.结果16例(88.89%)出现了自律性电活动,并且可在局部组织记录到典型的慢反应动作电位.结论大鼠左心室流出道组织具有自律性.其生理功能有待进一步研究.     

Oseen流动中粘性对自由表面波的影响

Based on the complex dispersion relation for the two-dimensional free-surface waves generated by a moving body in the steady Oseen flows, the effect of viscosity on wavelength and wave amplitude was investigated by means of an asymptotic method and a numerical analysis. A comparison between the asymptotic and numerical analysis for the viscous decay factor demonstrates the validity of the perturbation expansions for the wave profile. The numerical result shows that the wavelength of viscous wave is slightly elongated in comparison with that of inviscid wave.     

称呼语的跨文化研究

称呼语是社交中的一个重要组成部分。不同的语言有着不同的文化特征，因而称呼语也不同。本文通过对英汉称呼语的比较．讨论了影响两种语言使用的因素和礼貌准则。     

马克思所构建的"意义世界"是当代人的指路明灯

马克思所构建的"意义世界"有以下主要内容人应当是全面发展的,只有全面发展的人才是真正有意义的人;劳动是人的本质,劳动对人的生存具有深刻意义;人与自然应和谐相处;追求人与人之间的"事实上的平等与公正";"自由人联合"、"每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件"是处理个人与个人之间,特别是个人与集体之间关系的基本准则,等等.这些方面是有着内在联系的统一体,对当今具有重要的指导意义.     

对生活化语文的思考及探究

传统的语文教学以知识为中心，固守于课堂，学习生活单一、枯燥。本文探究语文与生活的关系，建议让教学回归生活，让生活走进语文，寻找教材与学生生活的结合点，改变语文学习远离生活的状况，充分利用语文学习的资源，改善语文学习的内容和方式。     

The Consistency and Concomitants of Inhibition: Some of the Children, All of the Time

Toddlers displaying extremely inhibited behavior may be at risk for becoming socially withdrawn. However, behavioral inhibition may be a multifaceted characteristic, and its concurrent relation to toddler wariness with peers has not been examined. In this study, 108 toddlers (54 females) and their mothers were observed in novel situations involving unfamiliar settings, adults, and peers. Vagal tone, temperament, separation-reunion behavior, and maternal oversolicitousness also were assessed. There was little consistency of inhibited behavior across the 3 situations. Consistently inhibited toddlers had fearful temperaments, showed distress following maternal separation, and had mothers who were warm and controlling but unresponsive to children's cues during interaction. Toddlers with highly fearful temperaments and highly oversolicitous mothers were the most inhibited across contexts.     

模拟现实企业管理--高职管理学教学方法改革初探

知识经济的发展与管理学传统的教学方法和教材内容滞后的矛盾日益突显。同时改革的实践对霸代管理人才的霄要越来越迫切，从而管理学教学改革和创新已成为当务之急，模拟现实企业管理，创新管理学教学模式。