Piece-by-Piece Review of Digitize-and-Lend Projects through the Lens of Copyright and Fair Use

Digitize-and-lend library projects can benefit societies in multiple ways, from providing information to people in remote areas or with physical disabilities to facilitating the sharing of library resources with information-poor communities. This article explores the potential of digitize and lend as well as outlines how projects can be undertaken in a manner respectful of the balance of copyright.     

Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant

The Newtonian gravitational constant G, which is one of the most important fundamental physical constants in nature, plays a significant role in the fields of theoretical physics, geophysics, astrophysics and astronomy. Although G was the first physical constant to be introduced in the history of science, it is considered to be one of the most difficult to measure accurately so far. Over the past two decades, eleven precision measurements of the gravitational constant have been performed, and the latest recommended value for G published by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) is (6.674 08 ± 0.000 31) × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻² with a relative uncertainty of 47 parts per million. This uncertainty is the smallest compared with previous CODATA recommended values of G; however, it remains a relatively large uncertainty among other fundamental physical constants. In this paper we briefly review the history of the G measurement, and introduce eleven values of G adopted in CODATA 2014 after 2000 and our latest two values published in 2018 using two independent methods.     

Simultaneous changes in seed size,oil content and protein content driven by selection of SWEET homologues during soybean domestication

Soybean accounts for more than half of the global production of oilseed and more than a quarter of the protein used globally for human food and animal feed. Soybean domestication involved parallel increases in seed size and oil content, and a concomitant decrease in protein content. However, science has not yet discovered whether these effects were due to selective pressure on a single gene or multiple genes. Here, re-sequencing data from >800 genotypes revealed a strong selection during soybean domestication on GmSWEET10a. The selection of GmSWEET10a conferred simultaneous increases in soybean-seed size and oil content as well as a reduction in the protein content. The result was validated using both near-isogenic lines carrying substitution of haplotype chromosomal segments and transgenic soybeans. Moreover, GmSWEET10b was found to be functionally redundant with its homologue GmSWEET10a and to be undergoing selection in current breeding, leading the the elite allele GmSWEET10b, a potential target for present-day soybean breeding. Both GmSWEET10a and GmSWEET10b were shown to transport sucrose and hexose, contributing to sugar allocation from seed coat to embryo, which consequently determines oil and protein contents and seed size in soybean. We conclude that past selection of optimal GmSWEET10a alleles drove the initial domestication of multiple soybean-seed traits and that targeted selection of the elite allele GmSWEET10b may further improve the yield and seed quality of modern soybean cultivars.     

基于PCR及电泳技术,开展高中生物研究性学习

以“利用DNA条形码调查校园昆虫多样性”课题为例,叙述了如何利用PCR及电泳技术开展高中生物研究性学习的具体实施方案.     

安全情报概念的由来、演进趋势及涵义——来自安全科学学理角度的思辨

[目的/意义]安全问题是当前国家、政府、企业、社会、大众及学界广泛关注的一个重要现实问题，而安全情报是保障安全的必用之宝，故安全情报研究具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。[方法/过程]运用文献分析法和思辨法，从安全科学学理角度出发，论证基于安全科学视角解读与界定安全情报概念的必要性、重要性与紧迫性，探讨安全情报概念的由来与演进趋势，并分析安全情报的涵义。[结果/结论]从安全科学学理角度看，从安全信息到安全情报的安全管理新认识是提出安全情报概念的根本动力，安全情报概念的总体演进趋势是从分散到统一。同时，从系统安全学角度看，安全情报是指所有影响系统安全行为的安全信息。     

我国图书情报领域期刊论文的科学数据引用特征研究

[目的/意义] 探索期刊论文科学数据引用特征与规律不仅有助于描述学科领域对科学数据的利用情况，还能够揭示学术成果表达中的数据引用模式。[方法/过程] 以我国图书情报领域6种期刊2017年与2018年第一期刊载论文为样本，结合国家标准《信息技术科学数据引用》的引用元素，采用内容分析法从9个维度对样本论文的科学数据引用行为进行数据编码，应用统计学方法描述图书情报领域期刊论文科学数据引用特征并探索不同维度特征间的关联关系。[结果/结论] 图书情报领域期刊论文广泛引用来自国内外的统计整理类科学数据，对期刊论文中个人研究科学数据的引用量较大；科学数据引用标注方式与科学数据类型存在一定对应关系，但多样化的标注方式缺乏统一性；二手引用现象较为突出，二手引用程度与科学数据创建者类型相关。     

重重迷障中的“艺术人生”——杨杨长篇小说《雕天下》解读

杨杨的首部长篇小说《雕天下》,通过对艺术大师高石美不幸一生的叙述,展现了艺术家生存的艰辛、传统文化的多重矛盾,以及神秘命运的悲剧色彩。作品运用较为先锋的写作方式,塑造出高石美这样一个奇异的文化复合体,其可贵之处在于:最终超越了艺术层面的探讨,走向对于人性隐秘层面的挖掘。     

《造洋饭书》的版本身世与文化效应

以《造洋饭书》的出版为依据,从清末西餐传入中国的背景、该书编者高第丕夫人的出版动机与内容编排意识、读者的定位及其流通与影响等视角,探讨《造洋饭书》的文化意义与出版意义,对清末教会出版事业在传教过程中开展的中西汇通与交流进行梳理和归纳,描绘因一本西餐食谱的出版所产生的文化效应.     

“生命政治”论的隐秘线索:一个思想史的考察

晚近十几年来,生命政治已成为政治思想的一个核心关键词,乃至在欧陆思想中形成了一个“生命政治的转向”.生命政治论惯常被追溯到法国思想家米歇尔·福柯,本文则将它再往上推半个世纪.从20世纪20年代的生命政治的“史前史”入手,这个研究旨在揭开一条思想史上的隐在线索.尽管福柯与阿甘本是生命政治的两个核心思想家,但他们在学理层面的关系,并非一种简单的承继与发展关系,相反充满着深层次的对立与抵牾.只有从生命政治的“史前史”出发,才能疏理出生命政治论发展的内在线索.