郭店楚简《五行》的修养论

本文基于"郭店楚简"等20世纪末年问世的新出土文献带来的新知见,探讨孟子性善论形成过程的一系列论考之中探讨《五行》思想的部分.《五行》将"知"视为觉醒认知能力之过程,并将之分为"圣"和"智"两种.在此格局上,《五行》设定修养过程为:借由"智"之觉醒察觉到"贤人"之"德",通过模仿"行"本身来掌握"仁""义"等,从而实现"人道"之"善",进而从此阶段上升,借由"圣"的觉醒达到"天道"之"德",亦即能够在"德之行"的层次实践"仁""义"等.另外,《五行》"说"的相关论述中,"说"的作者用"仁气""义气"等术语对上述过程加以解说.从这一点可推测出《五行》的思想与《性自命出》的"性即气"的思维方式相当接近.     

孟子与《五行》

20世纪末年郭店楚简等新出土文献问世后,新的知识与见解也随之而来.笔者基于此新知见,对孟子性善论的形成过程有一系列论考.本文即其中探讨《五行》与孟子思想关系的部分.孟子思想的形成虽然受到了子思《五行》的影响,但其中不动心体验往后的修养模式,却完全舍弃了《五行》中的理论.也就是说,孟子 舍弃了《五行》中"性即气"的思维,将"心"放置在"气"的上位,并以"心"为基础展开了四端说.通过这种立足 于"心"的修养论,孟子彻底解决了"性即气"思维模式中所包含的问题.而这种从"气"至"心"的转换,正是使孟子成为独具一格之思想家的重要之处.     

构建“学习共同体”的学校改革

日本学校改革的目标是创建“学习共同体”，“学习共同体”的建立，不仅使其可成为孩子们学习和成长的天地，也是教师共同学习成长的地方，并且还可以作为家长、市民支持和参加学校改革、共同学习成长的重要场所。改革的理论基础主要是杜威的公共哲学。推进作为“学习共同体”的学校建设，需要遵循少则多、简则优、小则精的原则。这种改革并没有特定的形态、特定的运动以及特定的处方，是任何一所学校的任何人都可以参与挑战的“活动体系”。     

Perceptions of Black Student Athletes About Academic Mentorship at a Predominantly White Institution in Higher Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the mentorship experiences of Black student athletes attending undergraduate programs at a Predominantly White Institution in Higher Education (PWI-HE). The research site for this study was a co-educational public research institution (PWI-HE) with an approximate enrollment of 45,000 students. A total of six Black student athletes (five African American and one Jamaican) agreed to participate in this study. Four major interrelated and complex themes emerged from the data analyses. These themes were: (a) mentoring study habits and routines, (b) mentoring academic schedule and time management, (c) personal development within an isolated environment, and (d) family members’ support and encouragements. To better support Black student athletes at PWI-HEs, athletic department administrators, coaches, faculty, and all students should be encouraged to respect, value, and embrace the racial identities, origins, languages, and cultures of the student athletes that are being mentored.     

Academic inbreeding: exploring its characteristics and rationale in Japanese universities using a qualitative perspective

This study analyses why and how academic inbreeding as a recruitment practice continues to prevail in Japan, a country with a mature higher education system, where high rates of academic inbreeding endure in most of the research-oriented universities in spite of several higher education reforms. Based on a qualitative analysis, we disclose three characteristics that lead academics to become inbred at Japanese universities. One characteristic—the adoption of “open recruitment processes” in detriment of “closed recruitment processes”—changed over time, limiting academic inbreeding practices, but two other characteristics remained unchanged over time: the “one university learning experience” and the “concentration of doctoral supervisors at the same university”. These latter characteristics represent difficult challenges to be tackled as they are also traditional characteristics of the Japanese higher education system. The research also shows that academic inbreeding practices are a means to assure organizational stability and institutional identity, features perceived as important by Japanese universities. A central challenge for the Japanese universities is then to guarantee these features without needing to rely on academic inbreeding practices to obtain them. However, devising policies to meet this challenge calls for institutional will to change, proactive strategies and time.     

Knowing me,knowing you: UK and Japanese academic developer identities at two research-intensive institutions

In 2004, Ray Land produced extensive literature on the 12 orientations of academic developers. These orientations provided academic developers with a useful tool through which they have been able to better articulate their roles and their place in academia. We have used the orientations model to establish, compare, and contrast the identity of sixteen academic developers from the UK and from Japan. The findings reveal that research is a key orientation recognised by both groups, although is expressed differently by academic developers from the two countries. The political strategist orientation was considered important amongst managers irrespective of their cultural backgrounds.     

Multilingual opinion holder identification using author and authority viewpoints

Opinion holder identification research is important for discriminating between opinions that are viewed from different perspectives. We propose a new opinion holder identification method that is based on a differentiation between the author and authority viewpoints in opinionated sentences. In our method, the author- and authority-opinionated sentences were extracted, respectively, by utilizing the different features because their writing styles were different. Although the researchers have not focused on it, this differentiation is important for correctly identifying opinion holders. We describe our participation in the NTCIR-6 Opinion Analysis Pilot Task by focusing on the opinion holder identification results in Japanese and English. The evaluation results showed that our system performed fairly well with respect to Japanese documents, and postsubmission analysis has revealed that improvements could be made with respect to English documents as well.     

Education for international understanding in Japanese schools

Japan is in a unique position regarding the question of education for international understanding: it participated actively in the Second World War, which is lost through the tragic events of which we are all aware. This dual heritage, from the war and then the post-war period, is clear in the two following articles which describe from very different viewpoints the role of eduction for international understanding in the national context. Reading them, in either order, should in our point of view not so much open a debate (who is against peace?) as on the contrary, stimulate thought on future action. The first article describes the evolution and current status of education for international understanding within the official school system. The second, theoretical, puts forth the point of view of those who work within the peace movement in Japan and who feel something more and different is needed from the formal school system. Such contrast, even tension, between two attitudes equally but differently aiming towards the same goal, is an excellent illustration of the fact that even though education for international understanding and peace, through its efforts, its successer or its inadequacies, is more than ever a question of foremost importance, it is one that no educational system can pretend to have definitively settled.