Effects of response elimination procedures upon the subsequent reacquisition of autoshaping

In Experiment 1, three groups of pigeons were autoshaped and then administered one of three different response-elimination procedures. Group TRC (truly random control) and Group Backward (backward conditioning) ceased responding more rapidly than Group CS-only. In a subsequent reacquisition test with a novel CS, Groups TRC and Backward were retarded relative to Group CS-only. In Experiment 2, the CS-only and TRC response-elimination treatments were not differentially effective in extinguishing the response. The treatments were followed either by five sessions of unpredictable US presentations (US-only) or by five sessions of remaining in their home cages (hold) prior to the reacquisition test. The TRC treatment retarded reacquisition relative to the CS-only treatment; the US-only posttreatment manipulation failed to reliably retard reacquisition relative to Hold, although retarding effects of US-only are discernible in a block-by-block analysis. Applications and limitations of a context-blocking account of these results are discussed.     

Using Animals to Teach Children Biology: Exploring the Use of Biological Explanations in Children’s Anthropomorphic Storybooks

Research Findings: Anthropomorphism—the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman entities—has long been a staple of children’s media. However, children’s experiences with anthropomorphic media may interfere with biological reasoning instead encouraging an anthropocentric view of the natural world. To date, little research has addressed the typical content of children’s storybooks about animals: Do these storybooks present factual information that may support early developing biological reasoning, or do they instead focus on human-centered, psychological information that may encourage anthropocentrism? We analyzed the types of causal explanatory information that commercial storybooks about animals provide to children about 2 biological concepts that have been extensively studied in the experimental literature: biological inheritance and the transmission of illness. Using coding schemes similar to those used in prior experimental literature to assess preschool-age children’s biological reasoning, we found that none of the anthropomorphized books presented children with scientifically accurate causal mechanisms. These books focused almost exclusively on social-emotional experiences as opposed to biological explanations, which may inadvertently encourage anthropocentric reasoning. Practice or Policy: Understanding more about the content of informal sources of early learning can help inform educators on how to best support developing knowledge about the natural world and biological properties.     

模糊数据库及其在计算机网络传输的研究

通过对自然界中一些模糊现象的分析，发现通常数据库不能对模糊信息进行象描述，并在通常数据库的基础上给出了一种新的、规范的模糊数据库——A—A^*型模糊数据库，给出了模糊数据库传输的解决方案。     

Characteristics of male disciplinary students at a catholic university

This study examined selected measures of demographic, social, and academic characteristics for a male disciplinary population at Villanova University, to determine the usefulness of these variables in predicting membership in a disciplinary group from one graduating class to the next. The step wise multiple regression analysis showed that the predictability of these measures for this population was minimal.     

论巴金的小说理论与批评

巴金的小说理论最具实践性,是他大量小说创作经验的总结和升华。他视创作为表达自己内心情感的需要,是自己生活的一部分;主张创作面向读者,"把心交给读者",和读者进行诚挚的情感交流;同时认为"艺术的最高境界是无技巧",肯定情感是创作的主要内容,形式和技巧只是它的附庸。小说应当有其教化的功能和审美的功能。巴金的小说理论和批评总是围绕着表现情感这条主线,它是朴实无华、独树一帜的。     

Using an Approximate Chi-Square Statistic to Test the Number of Dimensions Underlying the Responses to a Set of Items

An approximate χ² statistic based on McDonald's (1967) nonlinear factor analytic representation of item response theory was proposed and investigated with simulated data. The results were compared with Stout's T statistic (Nandakumar & Stout, 1993; Stout, 1987). Unidimensional and two-dimensional item response data were simulated under varying levels of sample size, test length, test reliability, and dimension dominance. The approximate χ² statistic had good control over Type I errors when unidimensional data were generated and displayed very good power in identifying the two-dimensional data. The performance of the approximate χ² was at least as good as Stout's T statistic in all conditions and was better than Stout's T statistic with smaller sample sizes and shorter tests. Further implications regarding the potential use of nonlinear factor analysis and the approximate χ² in addressing current measurement issues are discussed.     

基于Haar小波多分辨分析非线性图像消噪的研究

本文基于Haar小波多分辨分析研究非线性图像消噪 ,通过小波收缩得到消噪的阈值范围 ,提出了小波包的重构 .实验结果表明 :Harr小波图像处理 ,实现再次低通滤波图像的噪声消除 ,其高频滤波特性优良 ,图像有较好的消噪结果     

符号及符号互动对平面设计的影响

平面设计是利用平面媒体传达信息为目的的 ,设计者应准确把握住它应用的符号和影响方法上的互动 ,保证这些符号恰如其分地表述设计者的设计理念     

Intersectionality of Ethnicity/Race and Gender in the Phenomenology of African American College Students’ Presenting Problems: a Profile Analysis Using Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling

Multidimensional scaling analyses (MDS) was used to uncover the phenomenology or implicit cognitions underlying presenting problems for which African American male and female students reported seeking college counseling services, in comparison to their European American counterparts. Normative, idiographic, and idiothetic approaches to the measurement of explicit versus implicit dimensions of students’ reports of eight psychological issues (seven disorders and medication use) for which they sought counseling in two timeframes (historical and current) were conducted by ethnicity/race and gender. It was hypothesized that idiographic and idiothetic approaches, which involved profile analyses using nonmetric MDS, would be more likely to reveal intersectionality between ethnicity/race and gender than the normative approach. Results supported the hypothesis of the greater sensitivity of the two individual difference models. Nonmetric MDS analyses revealed significant differences across profiles, with African American males underutilizing mental health services but displaying significant psychological distress; and African American females receiving significantly more pharmacotherapy for depression. Implications for college mental health services for African Americans are discussed.