Precarious Relationships: Perceptions of culture and citizenship among teachers of German

Teachers of another language, many of whom are bilingual and bicultural, have had to think about relationships with and attitudes towards the country (ies) or communities where the other language is spoken. By constantly interacting with that language and culture they often think and act 'comparatively' without, in most instances, articulating their views in a formal manner. Such notions are particularly complex in the Anglo-German context. The research project described here aimed to find out if native speakers of German have different attitudes towards their own and the other culture than native speakers of English who teach German as a second language. To what extent do personal biographies influence language teaching in the classroom? What does the concept of citizenship mean to them in their personal and professional lives? These are some of the issues the paper sets out to explore.     

Protein deprivation and food-related risk-taking preferences of rhesus monkeys

The relative preferences of four rhesus monkeys for reward probability versus reward amount when they were maintained on a low-protein (3.35%) diet were compared with those demonstrated when they were fed an adequate (13.4%) protein diet. Four stimulus objects, each signifying a different combination of reward frequency and amount (100%-one piece, 50%-2 pieces, 33%-three pieces, or 25%-four pieces), were presented in pairs, one pair per daily session, with trial schedules providing the same amount of reward within each set of 12 trials. Selections of the more frequently rewarded objects, but with lesser amounts per trial, were significantly higher during the low-protein phase than during either the preceding or the following normal-diet phases. Protein deprivation produces a changed motivational state making these animals less tolerant of infrequent or postponed reinforcement.     

Today's speech books in review

Boardman, Gail, Oral Communication of Literature, 1953, N. Y.: Prentice‐Hall, pp. 472, $4.95.

Gassner, John, Producing The Play, (rev. ed.), 1953, N. Y.: Dryden Press, pp. 915, $5.75.

Gottlober, A. B., Understanding Stuttering, 1952, N. Y.: Grune and Stratton. pp. 288, $5.50.

Harding, H. F., The Age of Danger, 1952, N. Y.: Random House, pp. 561, $3.25.

Haut, Lillian, Speak Correctly, 1952, N. Y.: Speech Handbooks, pp. 56, $1.50.

Huston, A. D., and Sandberg, R. A., Everyday Business Speech, 1952, N. Y.: Prentice‐Hall, pp. 302, $4.00.

Johnson, W., et al, Diagnostic Manual In Speech Correction, 1953, N. Y.: Harper, pp. 221, $2.50.

Lee, C. I., Oral Interpretation, 1952, N. Y.: Houghton‐Mifflin. pp. 596, $3.50.

Lee, I. J., How To Talk With People, 1952, N. Y.: Harper, pp. 176, $2.00.

O'Brien, J. F., Parliamentary Law for The Layman, 1952, N. Y.: Harper, pp. 248, $3.00.

Van Dusen, C. R., Training The Voice For Speech, sec. ed., 1952, N. Y.: McGraw Hill. pp. 232, $3.50.

Van Riper, C., A Case Book In Speech Therapy, 1953, N. Y.: Prentice‐Hall, pp. 144, $2.75.     

Progress in education: Vietnam

TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE: TEACHING IN THE INNER CITY by Larry Cuban. New York: Free Press, 1970. xxii + 261 pp. $6.95.

EDUCATIONAL AUDIOLOGY FOR THE LIMITED HEARING INFANT by Doreen Pollack. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1970. xiii + 237 pp. $10.75.

STUDENTS AS LINKS BETWEEN TWO CULTURES edited by Ingrid Eide. New York: UNESCO, 1971. 243 pp. $10.00.

SHARED AUTHORITY ON CAMPUS by Morris Keeton. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Higher Education, 1971. 168 pp. $3.75.

THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION AND THE BLACK TEACHER by Michael John Schultz, Jr. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 1970. 224 pp. $7.95.     

The Utility of Chromosomal Microarray Analysis in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics

Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has emerged as a powerful new tool to identify genomic abnormalities associated with a wide range of developmental disabilities including congenital malformations, cognitive impairment, and behavioral abnormalities. CMA includes array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, both of which are useful for detection of genomic copy number variants (CNV) such as microdeletions and microduplications. The frequency of disease‐causing CNVs is highest (20%–25%) in children with moderate to severe intellectual disability accompanied by malformations or dysmorphic features. Disease‐causing CNVs are found in 5%–10% of cases of autism, being more frequent in severe phenotypes. CMA has replaced Giemsa‐banded karyotype as the first‐tier test for genetic evaluation of children with developmental and behavioral disabilities.     

Rómulo de Carvalho’s Work on the Popularization of Science During Salazarism

This article provides an account of Rómulo de Carvalho’s most prominent works on the popularization of science during the Salazarist regime in Portugal. Carvalho has been praised for his ‘unique’ writing style, for his uncommon ability to communicate scientific knowledge with clarity to a wide audience: he wrote to teachers, to secondary students, to the layman and even to the rural peasantry. Most of his books and articles on popularization explored the History and Philosophy of Science, and it has been claimed that he influenced many youngsters to pursue scientific careers. Given the repressive political context imposed by Salazarism, it is argued that Carvalho’s work on the popularization of science had a humanist and libertarian connotation. However, intriguingly, different from some of his contemporaries who also promoted humanistic education for all, Carvalho was never targeted by the Dictatorship. The article seeks to shed light on this matter. It points out the educational reach of Carvalho’s writings and suggests that popularization of science in repressive regimes is not necessarily a problematic issue as long as it does not threat the status quo.     

A Study of Children’s Fears

In carefully examining the thesis of a paper by Anderson, Nelson, and Edgington (1984) concerning the socalled Fool’s Type IIa error, one realizes that certain fundamental statistical tenets have been overlooked or ignored. The purpose of the present paper is to discount the notion of a Fool’s Type IIa error under the Neyman-Pearson philosophy of testing statistical hypotheses and to highlight the need for improved statistical education related to hypothesis testing. If the importance of Type I and Type II errors cannot be quantified, then the Neyman-Pearson approach to hypothesis testing is of no value, and hence a Fool’s Type IIa error is irrelevant. If statistical testing errors are important and can be quantified, then adjustment for the Fool’s Type IIa error region is equivalent to increasing the probability of making a Type I error.     

Monitoring of immunological parameters in adolescent basketball athletes during and after a sports season

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to monitor the immunological and hormonal responses and the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms in adolescent basketball athletes during the different stages of a sports season. Anthropometric measures, biochemical analyses (interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, testosterone and cortisol), neuromuscular evaluations (standing vertical jumping ability, agility and estimated VO_2max) and leukocyte counts were performed at four moments: 72 h before the season (?72 h); before the season (Pre-season); after six weeks, at the end of the preparatory period (Preparatory); and after 20 weeks, at the end of the competitive period (Competitive). Also, the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms was collected weekly during all stages of the season. There were significant increases in monocytes, cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein at the Competitive moment as compared to the Pre-season. In addition, interleukin-10 decreased at the Competitive moment as compared to the Pre-season. Occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms demonstrated increases (38%) during the competitive period as compared to the preparatory. These results suggest that periods of training and competition could increase the occurrence of upper respiratory symptoms in adolescent athletes and this may be due to the unwanted effects of an inflammatory process in response to the excessive stress of training and competition.     

A Reliable Method for the Measurement of Constant Load Maximal Endurance Performance on the Bicycle Ergometer

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate to perceptions of the intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety in a sample of university athletes representing various team sports. Although some studies have demonstrated that task orientation and mastery climate are associated with adaptive emotional patterns and ego orientation and performance climate are linked to less adaptive emotions, others have not verified these findings. In the present study, structural equation modeling was used to test these links. The results showed that perceptions of a performance climate were associated with ego orientation, whereas perceptions of a mastery climate were linked to task orientation. Furthermore, no significant links were found between task orientation and direction of competitive anxiety, while it was shown that the impact of ego orientation on the intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety was exerted through self-confidence. No significant direct links were found between motivational climates and competitive anxiety, thus implying that motivational climates may have an indirect impact on affective responses through the different goal orientations. The findings of the present study are discussed along with suggestions for examining situational and individual difference variables that may explain the relationships between intensity and direction of competitive anxiety and achievement goals and motivational climates.