Intervención en estrategias de comprensión: un modelo basado en el conocimiento y aplicación de la estructura del texto

Resumen

En dos estudios complementarios se analizó la implantación y posterior evaluación de un programa de instrucción en alumnos con diferente grado de habilidad lectora. Este programa incidía básicamente en estrategias que requerían para su aplicación un conocimiento expreso sobre la estructura del texto. En un primer estudio, los 72 alumnos de 1.° de BUP que tomaron parte (36 con buen nivel y 36 con un pobre nivel de comprensión) se distribuyeron equitativamente en tres grupos: un grupo experimental y dos grupos control. A todos los grupos se aplicaron dos pruebas de recuerdo libre: inmediato y demorado (7 días). Los resultados indicaron una mejora sustantiva de los lectores que fueron entrenados en este programa respecto a sus compañeros homólogos de los grupos control, en la comprensión y recuerdo de la información relevante (macroestructura). En un segundo estudio, se evaluó el grado de transferencia de lo aprendido a situaciones nuevas. Los resultados indicaron que los sujetos entrenados en este programa experimental mostraron esta misma habilidad para organizar su recuerdo en textos cuya estructura organizativa no había sido previamente instruida.     

Actividad conjunta y habla: una aproximación al estudio de los mecanismos de influencia educativa

Resumen

El artículo presenta las principales opciones teóricas y metodológicas de un proyecto de investigación cuyo objetivo principal es el estudio de algunos mecanismos de influencia educativa que se manifiestan en, o actúan a través de, la interacción profesor/grupo de alumnos y adulterino. Utilizando como punto de partida el concepto de interactividad, término acuñado para designar las formas de organización de la actividad conjunta en torno al contenido o tarea que están llevando a cabo los participantes, se analizan dos mecanismos de influencia educativa: la cesión y el traspaso progresivos del control y la responsabilidad y la construcción progresiva de sistemas de significados compartidos.     

The Development and Application of Distance Learning Courses on the Internet

This paper presents the methodology, results and difficulties encountered in the development and delivery of a course through the Internet. The course, which is about the application of information technology to education, is being delivered using the AulaNet environment, which is groupware for the creation, participation and maintenance of Web-based courses. A model for group work is provided. This paper also shows how this kind of environment can be used to provide support, and to facilitate and manage cooperative learning.     

Detection of Misconceptions about Colour and an Experimentally Tested Proposal to Combat them

We study the misconceptions about colour that most people hold, determining the general phenomenological laws that govern them. Concept mapping was used to combat the misconceptions which were found in the application of a test specifically designed to determine these misconceptions, while avoiding the possible misleading inductions that could have arisen from the use of everyday language. In particular, care was taken to avoid the distorting effect that the use of the verb ‘to be’ applied to coloured objects could have on the responses. The misconceptions found were shown to have an internal consistency in the form of authentic mini-theories (implicit theories). We compared experimentally the results of two different teaching methods applied to combat these misconceptions. This study was conducted with 470 undergraduates of the University of Extremadura. We analysed the persistence over time of their learning made to overcome those misconceptions. The students were divided randomly into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). To combat their misconceptions, EG were taught following a method based on the use of concept maps, and CG were taught following traditional teaching methods. The results of a pre-test and a post-test were compared for the two groups, finding statistically significant differences. The results allowed the principal working hypothesis to be accepted—concept maps are learning tools which foster conceptual change and allow misconceptions to be eradicated via meaningful learning maintained over time, i.e. EG acquired a relative long-lasting gain in learning that was superior to that acquired by CG.     

Toward a theory of critical care in urban small school reform: examining structures and pedagogies of caring in two Latino community‐based schools 1

Using in‐depth interviewing, participant observations, and the collection of historical and curricular documents, this article describes two Latino community‐based small high schools—the Dr Pedro Albizu Campos High School (PACHS) and El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice (El Puente). The authors focus on ways in which these two schools create a culture of high academic expectations for their students, value high‐quality interpersonal relationships between students and teachers, and privilege the funds of knowledge that students and their respective communities bring to school. The authors advance a theory of critical care that embodies this important combination, which is crucial if small high schools created for and by communities of color are to succeed. Finally, the implications for a theory of critical care and its impact are discussed within the framework of small urban high school reform.     

Some Internet Applications for Language Teaching: a Web-Assisted Course of English for Construction

The web expands the possibilities of language teaching, particularly in the field of specific areas, like engineering, architecture or the construction industry. It facilitates easy, instantaneous access to sources of information, specialized texts and data that were either unavailable in the past or took a considerable amount of time to access. In addition to providing these specific texts that can be used as teaching and practise material, and serving as an electronic board with information on classes, deadlines, contents, syllabus, etc., the web should also affect the way languages are taught, as well as the learning styles of the students. As many of us start using the web as a teaching resource, we should move from a phase of simply using the new media with the old content, on to developing not only new contents but also new teaching procedures and strategies based on these new media. By showing some of the web pages (http://www.ugr.es/~jmperez/Aparejadores1.html) developed for an English for Construction course at the English Department at the University of Granada, I will comment and reflect on how the Internet is beginning to affect our ways of teaching and learning. Quelques applications d’Internet À l’enseignement des langues. Un cours Web d’anglais pour la

construction. Le Web offre de nouvelles possibilités pour l'enseignement des langues, en particulier dans les domaines particuliers tels que l'ingénierie, l'architecture, ou l'industrie du bÂtiment. Il rend l'accès aux sources d'information facile et instantané notamment pour les données jadis difficilement accessibles voire totalement inaccessibles. Le Web met À disposition des matériaux de cours mais aussi des informations relatives À la gestion de ceux-ci (horaire, programmes, contenus, etc.). Il devrait de plus affecter les faÇons d'apprendre les langues autant que les styles d'apprentissage des étudiants. Comme notre propre pratique d'enseignant nous le montre, nous avons tendance À " faire du vieux avec du neuf ". Nous devrions progressivement arriver À développer de nouveaux contenus mais aussi de nouvelles procédures et stratégies d'apprentissage adaptées aux caractéristiques de ces nouveaux médias. Sur la base de l'analyse de certaines des pages d'un cours d'anglais pour la construction développé au Département d'anglais de l'Université de Grenade, (http://www.ugr.es/~jmperez/Aparejadores1.html), nous tenterons de montrer comment Internet progressivement modifie nos faÇons d'enseigner et d'apprendre. Quelques applications d’Internet à l’enseignement des langues. Un cours Web d’anglais pour la

construction. Einige Internet-Applikationen für den Sprachunterricht. Ein Web-unterstützter Englischkurs für den

Konstruktionsbau. Das Web erweitert die Möglichkeiten des Sprachunterrichtes, insbesondere in spezifischen Bereichen wie denen der Ingenieurwissenschaften, Architektur, oder Konstruktionsbau. Es ermöglicht den einfachen und schnellen Zugang zu Informationsquellen, speziellen Texten und Daten. Diese waren vorher nicht verfügbar, oder ihr Zugang war nur mit grossem Zeitaufwand verbunden. Das Web stellt nicht nur Kursmaterial zur Verfügung, sondern auch Informationen bezüglich deren Verwaltung (Stundenplan, Programme, Inhalt, etc.). Das Web kann auch die Art beeinflussen, wie Sprachen gelehrt werden, und hat somit auch Einfluss auf den Lernstil der Studenten. Wie die eigene Praxis uns zeigt, tendieren wir zum Einsatz der neuen Medien, allerdings mit altem Inhalt. Wir sollten daher nicht nur progressiv neuen Inhalt entwickeln, sondern auch neue Unterrichtsformen und-strategien, die auf den neuen Medien bauen. Anhand von einigen Web-Seiten (http://www.ugr.es/ ~jmperez/Aparejadores1.html), die für einen Englischkurs im Konstruktionsbau vom English Department der Universität von Grenada entwickelt wurde, werde ich kommentieren bzw. reflektieren wie das Internet die Art und Weise wie wir lehren und lernen, uns bereits beeinflusst.     

La Ola Latina: Recent Scholarship in Latina/o and Latin American Rhetorics

For generations, critics have dismissed James Forman's “Black Manifesto” as a rhetorical failure. Such judgments tend to focus on the prophetic and retributive registers of the speech and fail to account for the full range of its ironic structuration. By examining the complex interchange of prophetic, retributive, and tragic registers through which the “Manifesto” is constructed, we can more fully appreciate how Forman created a space for his auditors to reflect and redirect the vengeful and violent sociohistorical drama seemingly otherwise implied. At the same time, it helps to explain why some black auditors embraced the leadership role Forman directed them to assume, while many whites reviled the supporting role to which they were consigned. Interpreting the speech in terms of the interplay of its multiple ironic registers invites us to focus attention on the ways in which ironic protest rhetoric operates in dialogue, holding both the ironist and the audience accountable for the productivity of their encounter.     

Film choices for screening literacy: the ‘Pygmalion template’ in the curriculum as contact zone

This study discusses the representation of (the) literacy (myth) in popular movies and a teaching and research project on cinematic literacy narratives. It attempts to reveal the existence of a powerful ‘Pygmalion template’ in contemporary movie culture. Focusing on a discourse or culture clash ‘Pygmalion movies’ simultaneously contribute to the discursive construction and deconstruction of the literacy myth. Because of their polysemic character, these films offer fertile grounds for inquiring into the problematic nature of literacy acquisition and discourse or culture clashes. Inviting pre‐service teachers to reflect on these issues, the authors created a curriculum as contact zone in which films are used as a primary source of knowledge and insight together with students’ movie analyses and interpretations, personal narratives, and theoretical readings. This exploratory study of on‐line discussion groups revealed the students’ contradictory and competing movie readings. Organizing the curriculum as a contact zone deepened the students’ and one’s own understanding of literacy as an ideological site of struggle in (movie) culture.