The effect of rowing headgear on forced convective heat loss and radiant heat gain on a thermal manikin headform

Both radiant and forced convective heat flow were measured for a prototype rowing headgear and white and black cotton caps. The measurements were performed on a thermal manikin headform at a wind speed of 4.0 m . s(-1) (s = 0.1) in a climate chamber at 22.0 degrees C (s = 0.05), with and without radiant heat flow from a heat lamp, coming from either directly above (90 degrees ) or from above at an angle of 55 degrees . The effects of hair were studied by repeating selected measurements with a wig. All headgear reduced the radiant heat gain compared with the nude headform: about 80% for the caps and 95% for the prototype rowing headgear (P < 0.01). Forced convective heat loss was reduced more by the caps (36%) than by the prototype rowing headgear (9%) (P < 0.01). The radiant heat gain contributed maximally 13% to the net heat transfer, with or without headgear, showing that forced convective heat loss is the dominant heat transfer parameter under the chosen conditions. The results of the headgear - wig combinations were qualitatively similar, with lower absolute heat transfer.     

Recurrent mirages at Puerto Peñasco,Sonora

Mirage behavior at Puerto Peñasco, on the Sonoran shore of the Gulf of California, is not only systematic, but is fully compatible with conditions of atmospheric refraction common in that arid area adjacent to a tropical sea. Images of mountains in Baja California, normally hidden below the visual horizon, are regularly loomed into visibility as the lapse rate in the lower layers of the atmosphere increases; and sink again below the horizon with the onset of nocturnal inversions. False sea horizons, due to refraction, are a standard midday condition; as are inferior mirages over adjacent land areas.Air stratification is normally accompanied by “paper doll” duplications of distant images; Fata Morgana is a common occurrence when cold air drainages from high mountains reach the warm waters of the Gulf of California. Photographic differentiation between mirage lakes and actual bodies of water is sometimes possible by use of deep red filters.     

The concurrent validity of the peabody individual achievement test and woodcock reading mastery tests among students with mild learning problems

Previous research has revealed moderate to high validity coefficients between the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests. However, the same research has indicated rather consistently that the latter instrument provides significantly lower means than do several screening tests currently being used in the field. This investigation replicated and extended previous research by comparing the two instruments across three grade clusters in order to determine whether the lower Woodcock scores are equally robust for each level. As in prior research, validity coefficients were moderate to high in magnitude. However, the differences between the means of two instruments were found to decrease in size from earlier to later grades. That is, seven of the eight significantly different means were found to occur in grades 1 through 4. Only one significant difference was found for grades 5 through 8. Discussion sought to explain the results in terms of the representativeness of the Woodcock norms and the novel method that Woodcock used to estimate sample means and standard deviations.     

Considering alternate methods of measurement on the adaptive behavior scale

Fifty-two graduate and advanced undergraduate students rated 23 of the domains of the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) with respect to most appropriate method of measurement and to factors underlying their respective choices. For the items in Part One, most respondents indicated that the time necessary to obtain an adequate behavioral sample was the most important consideration for deciding whether naturalistic observation or interview was most appropriate. The relative severity of behavior was considered to be the most important factor for determining the method of measurement for the items in Part Two. In addition, most respondents indicated a slight preference for naturalistic observation compared to interview for Part One and Part Two of the ABS. The present findings further reflect the need for restructuring the ABS considering both the relative severity of the behavior and the ease in routinely observing each item.     

Effects of subject and rater characteristics on the accuracy of visual analysis of single subject data

The accuracy of interpretation of single subject data was evaluated by comparing raters' visual analysis of behavior change with statistical determination of behavior change using the split-middle methods of trend estimation. In addition, the effects of rater background (undergraduate, graduate student) and characteristics of the fictitious student (gender, label) on the ratings were determined. Results indicated that the accuracy of visual analysis was less than chance (47%). Rater and student characteristics, for the most part, did not affect the ratings. Implications of these results are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A Proposed Domain of Human Performance Technology: Implications for Theory and Practice

In this article, I have proposed a domain and definition for the human performance technology field. I contend that the domain can provide an organizing structure for the field. The proposed domain consists of three major components: management functions, performance systems development functions, and components of human performance systems. In making this proposal, I have discussed as well systems theory and professional practice and outlined three major areas of implications: research, practice, and professional preparation. The domain presented is explicitly derived from and consistent with the principles of systems theory.     

The Koppitz developmental scoring system for the Bender-Gestalt: Is it developmental?

The Bender-Gestalt was administered individually to 652 children, aged 5 to 11 years. The protocols were subsequently scored using the Koppitz Developmental System. A sample of scores were fitted to various developmental curves using a computer program called DATAFIT. The data approximated a curvilinear regression line more than a linear regression line. The R² for the total sample and for various combinations of age groups was relatively low. Implications regarding the limitations of various interpretive procedures were discussed.