Polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 Loci as the Genetic Predispositions of Oral Cancers and Other Oral Pathologies: Tobacco and Alcohol as Risk Modifiers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of tobacco require activation by phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome-P4501A1 (CYP1A1) to become an ultimate carcinogen, which are subjected to detoxification by phase II enzymes, especially glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). A study was designed to find whether genetic predisposition are risk modifiers of oral pathologies. The study included 102 cases with Oral Cancers (OCs), 68 cases with nonmalignant pathologies, 100 cases as control group. GSTM1 null genotype was associated with increased risk of OCs but not with benign pathologies. Deleted GSTT1 was associated with all pathologies. Both m1m2 and m2m2 polymorphisms of CYP1A1 were associated with oral pathologies.     

Students as Catalysts of Environmental Change: a framework for researching intergenerational influence through environmental education

Many environmental problems are desperately in need of attention. Educating both adults and young people is seen as part of the solution to such problems. Given this situation, and the already considerable investment in environmental education in schools, the notion of encouraging students to initiate environmental discussions with adults at home and in the community seems attractive and worthy of investigation. To this end, this paper critically reviews education and social science literature concerning intergenerational influence. An approach is outlined to guide future efforts in research and programme development aimed at encouraging students' to act as catalysts of environmental communication and learning beyond school boundaries.     

What Is a Reference Source?

Reference is the balance of employing a process to use materials to locate information. A key feature of teaching reference is to help students understand what a reference source is. This column introduces the dilemma of that seemingly easy task. It includes examples of course assignments to aid in that effort.     

Automatic representation of knowledge structure: enhancing learning through knowledge structure reflection in an online course

Educational technology research and development - Summary writing is an important skill that students use throughout their academic careers, writing supports reading and vocabulary skills as well...     

Conflict in the Dyadic Play of 3-Year-Old Children

Episodes of conflict provide a rich source of information about children's development of interactive skills. In the present study, 184 3-year-old children were observed in dyadic play and the 287 conflicts that occurred during their play were transcribed and coded. In general, children's conflicts arose in the context of ongoing play and were brief, lasting less than 15 seconds. Most disputes concerned toy possession, and almost 80% were ended by the simple withdrawal of one or the other children from the conflict. When children responded with emotional intensity to conflict, their conflicts lasted longer and were more likely to be followed by continued negative interaction. Individual difference data were available for one member of each dyad observed in play. Children rated in infancy as having difficult temperaments were found to be more intense during conflict, to spend more time in conflict, and to score higher on an index of conflict resolution competence, whereas concurrent social behavior was not related to conflict variables. Girls scored higher than boys on competence at conflict resolution, and children with better language skills spent less time in conflict. The more time children spent in nonmaternal child care up to age 3, the less likely they were to initiate conflict.     

Interpreting Apartheid: Visitors' Perceptions of the District Six Museum

This paper builds on and extends the conceptualization of “hot” interpretation (Ballantyne and Uzzell 1993) by presenting empirical data regarding visitors' perceptions of the District Six Museum in Cape Town, South Africa. The study examines visitors' reasons for visiting, expectations of the visit, responses to the visit, and suggestions for change, in relation to the differing needs of previous residents, local and international visitors. Results of the study are discussed in terms of the need to facilitate connections between interpretive content and visitors' previous experiences and knowledge. The paper considers issues of hot interpretation when a community museum increasingly attracts national and international visitors.     

Great experiments in physics

Tunneling between two superconductors was first predicted theoretically and then observed experimentally. The discovery ofthis effect has led to measurements of extremely tiny magnetic fields, new standard measurements of volt amongst other things. The experiments in which Josephson effect was first observed is described.