开放学习、开放网络北大核心CSSCI

随着大规模公开在线课程(简称"慕课")的发展和普及,在线开放学习进入了主流。然而,虽然人们对公开在线课程的兴趣比以往任何时候都要强烈,但是慕课仅是构建开放学习大环境的第一步。本文根据笔者2017年3月9日在锡拉丘兹纽约州立大学所做的报告整理而成。文章阐述影响未来开放学习的几个重要创新事件:分布式社交网络、云基础设施和虚拟化、沉浸式现实以及个人学习环境。文章还讨论了这种正在发展中的模式会给学习提供者和教育机构带来哪些挑战并提出应对这些挑战的政策和措施。     

State-of-the-art quantum cryptography network

China's first computer network in which communications are secured with quantum cryptography has been successfully tested in Beijing.     

Evaluating effects of atmospheric CO2 on stability of global climate: a cell-to-cell mapping approach

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2], incoming solar radiation and sea ice coverage are among the most important factors that control the global climate. By applying the simple cell-to-cell mapping technique to a simplified atmosphere-ocean-sea ice feedback climate model, effects of these factors on the stability of the climatic system are studied. The current climatic system is found to be stable but highly nonlinear. The resiliency of stability increases with [CO2] to a summit when [CO2] reaches 290 μL/L which is comparable to the pre-industrial level, suggesting carbon dioxide is essential to the stability of the global climate. With [CO2] rising further, the global climate stability decreases, the mean ocean temperature goes up and the sea ice coverage shrinks in the polar region. When the incoming solar radiation is intensified, the ice coverage gradually diminishes, but the mean ocean temperature remains relatively constant. Overall, our analysis suggests that at the current levels of three external factors the stability of global climate is highly resilient. However, there exists a possibility of extreme states of climate, such as a snow-ball earth and an ice-free earth.     

Adaptive progressive download based on the MPEG-4 file format

In this paper we describe how progressive download and adaptive streaming can be combined into a simple and efficient streaming framework. Based on the MPEG-4 file format (MP4) we use HTTP for transport and argue that these two components are sufficient for specifying an open streaming architecture. The client selects appropriate chunks from the MP4 file to be transferred based on (1) the header information (i.e. the "moov" box) in the first part of the file and (2) his observation of network throughput. The framework is completely client driven which allows for better server scalability and reduces signalling overhead. We discuss architecture and implementation issues such as complexity, interoperability and scalability and compare to 3GPP PSS Re1-6 adaptive streaming when appropriate. Measurements from a simple MP4/HTTP streaming client are presented showing that appropriate chunks are selected such that increased reliability is achieved.     

Effects of a remote,YouTube-delivered exercise intervention on young adults’physical activity,sedentary behavior,and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic:Randomized controlled trial

Background:Public health guidelines have called for innovative and flexible physical activity(PA)intervention strategies to promote PA and health amid the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Therefore,this study’s purpose was to examine the effects of a home-based,YouTube-delivered PA intervention grounded in self-determination theory on young adults’free-living PA,sedentary behavior,and sleep quality(NCT04499547).Methods:Sixty-four young adults(48 females;age=22.8±3.4 years,mean±SD;body mass index=23.1±2.6 kg/m²)were randomized(1:1)into the intervention group,which received weekly aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA videos,or control group,which received weekly general health education videos,for 12 weeks.Our primary outcome was free-living moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)and our secondary outcomes were sedentary behavior,light PA,and sleep quality(measured using ActiGraph accelerometers)along with muscle-strengthening PA frequency,self-determination theory-related motivation(non-regulation,external regulation,introjected regulation,identified regulation,integrated regulation,and intrinsic regulation),and perceived PA barriers(assessed using validated questionnaires).Repeated measures analysis of variances(ANOVAs)examined between-group differences at an adjusted significance level of 0.004 and effect sizes as partial eta-squared(η;).Results:We observed statistically significant interaction effects for MVPA,sleep efficiency,muscle-strengthening PA frequency,non-regulation,integrated regulation,intrinsic regulation,and perceived PA barriers(F(1,62)=10.75-77.67,p<0.001-0.002,η_p²=0.15-0.56)with all outcomes favoring the intervention group.We observed no statistically significant differences in either group for sedentary behavior,light PA,sleep duration,or external,introjected,and identified regulations after 12 weeks(F(1,62)=1.11-3.64,p=0.06-0.61).Conclusion:With national COVID-19 restrictions still in place and uncertainty regarding post-pandemic PA environments and behaviors,a remote,YouTube-delivered PA intervention may help foster clinically meaningful improvements in young adults’free-living MVPA,musclestrengthening PA frequency,sleep efficiency,PA-related intrinsic motivation,and perceived PA barriers.     

五位拳坛巨星的拳击哲学

拳击是一项很特别的运动。一方面,任何人都可以学习拳击。另一方面,只有极少数的人才能达到卓越的水平。立志要成为冠军的人,为了寻求技术上的提高,会日复一日在训练馆里挥汗如雨,同一个动作重复成千上万次,直到达到完美。从这个角度上来说,拳击能够帮你探测身体和意志上的极限。纵观拳击的历史,有许多已经到达巅峰的传奇人物。     

“射线刀”

医院里施行一項复杂的手术:医师需要割治腦子里的癌瘤。但是很奇怪——看不見施行头部手术常用的器具:刀子和鑿子。医师不用这些器具,而用一种特别的裝置往腦子內部發射一大股看不見的射綫。“射綫刀”割瘤,既不伤头盖骨,也不会留下伤口和刀痕;而主要的是不使病人受苦。“射綫刀”——已經不是幻想了。它确实存在,最近一年来,苏联科学院生物物理研究所放射生物实驗室的工作人員們,借助它进行了許多重要的有趣的研究工作。……我們在实驗室的一間屋子里听見一片雌鷄和雄鷄的啼叫声。在那里,木籠子和鉄籠子里裝有动物,用他們作的实驗,使現代科学大大地接近了射綫外科手术的新紀元。     

精制煤

煤層和煤粉——这是煤炭的全部开采量的大半往哪里使用煤層呢?廢料中的宝貝能量的濃縮非煉焦煤——不!冶金爐的新食料無烟和高發热值装这煤炭無損耗燃气輪机中的煤棒矿石煤炭团塊 在我們的地球上,煤的藏量确实是龐大的。在地下,煤要比石油多到100倍。煤是优良的燃料和貴重的化学原料。煤相当容易加工成为各种品質优良的冶金用与动力用燃料,加工成为各种發动机用液体燃料,加工成为工業和日常生活用气体燃料。从煤中可以制得用来合成一系列極其重要的化学产品的原料。可是,煤的使用在目前是極不合理的。采出的煤大半仍然是沒有經过任何預先加工,就在鍋爐里燒掉。燃料目前的使用形式是不适应現代技术水平的,因此这种使用形式会导致大     

79 new cyclopeptides discovered from 28 plants

A key innovative research result has been achieved in systematic chemistry of plant cyclopeptides (PCPs), a group of important plant metabolites, by a research team with the CAS Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB)in the capital of southwest China's Yunnan Province. According to a recent announcement released by the Institute, its chemists have brought to light 79 new PCPs.     

俄罗斯第三代高等教育国家标准:背景、框架、特点

俄罗斯第三代高等教育国家标准的核心是对基础教育大纲的掌握结果、结构和实施条件提出的要求。该标准的制定以能力素养观为基础,要求培养学生的一般文化能力素养和职业能力素养,目标指向以学生发展为本和跨学科能力的培养。基础教育大纲中三类学科的课程分为国家统一设置的基础部分和高校自主设置的可变部分,体现了统一性与自主性相结合的原则。新标准实施的瓶颈是能力要素结构的构建和能力评价。