Decrease in Ammonia Excretion by Boleophthalmus Boddaerti(Mudskipper) Exposed to Cyanide

ThetoleranceofthemudskipperBoleophthalmusboddaertitocyanideishigherthanthoseofotherfishes[1].Suchahightolerancetocyanidedoesnotinvoveareductionofmetabolicrateoranenhancedanaerobicmetabolism,oracyanide-insensitiverespiratorypathway.Instead,itisaresultofthepresenceofasurplusofcytochromeoxidaseandinduciblecyanide-detoxifyingmechanisms,tumingcyanideinthiocyanate,inthismudskipper[1].ThoughCN-isdetoxifiedtoSCN-,realizingbiomembranesaremorepermeabletoHCNthanCN-,wedecidedtoinvestigateiftheprotondi…     

耶律楚材与北京

13世纪前期,金元之际,北京出现了一位了不起的历史人物,他就是曾任蒙古中书令的耶律楚材。他原是辽契丹贵族后代,辽太祖耶律阿保机的长子东丹王耶律倍的八世孙,金尚书右丞耶律履第三子。耶律氏,名楚材,字晋卿,信奉佛教,法号湛然居士从源。生于金章宗明昌元年（1190）,卒于蒙古乃马真皇后三年（1244）。耶律楚材生当金元易代之际,在这个铁蹄与烽火的年代,他以一介书生,独立于蒙古汗廷之上,制止杀戮与掠夺,推行汉法与汉化,为蒙古政权规划大政,草创制度,从而为蒙古政权的封建化,最终为元朝的建立奠基,“大有造于中国,功德塞天地。”（明沈德符《万历野获编》卷二十八）他又是一位文化精英,精于诗、书、琴、禅,通晓天文、医术。曾编制《征西庚午元历》,在世界上首先提出了里差问题。复兴儒学,发展教育。还给后人留下了《湛然居士文集》等著作。     

Adverse effects of energy restriction on myogenic enzymes in judoists

In this study, we examined the effects of weight reduction by restricting energy intake on muscle function and serum concentrations of myogenic enzymes in judoists. Twenty-seven male judoists aged 19.3 +/- 0.6 years (mean +/- s) were divided into three groups based on the extent of body weight reduction: high weight reduction (height 1.70 +/- 0.05 m, body mass 78.5 +/- 13.6 kg), low weight reduction (height 1.70 +/- 0.05 m, body mass 80.7 +/- 13.1 kg) and a group that maintained body weight while continuing to perform exercise training (height 1.78 +/- 0.07 m, body mass 78.7 +/- 8.8 kg). Body composition, blood biochemistry, energy intake and anaerobic power were assessed on four occasions: 20 days (baseline data), 4 days and 1 day before and 7 days after competition. Compared with baseline, body mass and fat-free mass were significantly lower 1 day before competition in the high and low weight reduction groups (both P < 0.01); these changes persisted for 7 days after competition in the high weight reduction group. Serum creatine kinase was significantly elevated 1 day before competition in all groups (all P < 0.05), and remained higher 7 days after competition in both the high and low weight reduction groups. Compared with baseline, maximal anaerobic power was significantly lower 1 day before competition only in the high weight reduction group (P < 0.01). Our results suggest that energy restriction in addition to intense exercise training before major competition has an adverse effect on anaerobic power and elevates serum creatine kinase concentration, leading to an impairment of muscular function and an increased susceptibility of muscle tissue to injury.     

Optimizing segmental movement in the jumping header in soccer

This study looks at segmental movements in the jumping header from an optimization viewpoint. Investigations on the header so far have focused on head restriction in the movement but have not clarified how and to what extent body segments influence the performance of the skill. In the present study a biomechanical model was used to analyze the jumping header in simulated competition to give a clear picture of an optimized header. Skilled soccer players headed balls at speeds of 13 m x s(-1) the results indicated that the head moves as a free non-restricted segment in the jumping header and should be allowed to do so, even though much soccer literature says otherwise to prevent injuries. The arm movement showed individual characteristics and gave no general advantages in optimizing ball speed after impact in the header The movement of the legs was, on the other hand, the single most important factor in the skill. Therefore, coaches and players shouldfocus on developing muscle strength in the stomach, back and pelvis and should put no restrictions on head and arm movement to optimize the jumping header.