Pathways to literacy: a study of invented spelling and its role in learning to read

This intervention study tested whether invented spelling plays a causal role in learning to read. Three groups of kindergarten children (mean age = 5 years 7 months) participated in a 4-week intervention. Children in the invented-spelling group spelled words as best they could and received developmentally appropriate feedback. Children in the 2 comparison groups were trained in phonological awareness or drew pictures. Invented-spelling training benefited phonological and orthographic awareness and reading of words used in the intervention. Importantly, the invented-spelling group learned to read more words in a learn-to-read task than the other groups. The finding are in accord with the view that invented spelling coupled with feedback encourages an analytical approach and facilitates the integration of phonological and orthographic knowledge, hence facilitating the acquisition of reading.     

Goal neglect and working memory capacity in 4- to 6-year-old children

Goal neglect is the phenomenon of failing to execute the momentary demands of a task despite understanding and being able to recall the task instructions. Successful goal maintenance is more likely to occur in adults with high working memory capacity (WMC) who can keep rules mentally accessible while performing the task. The current study predicted that goal neglect would also be related to WMC in children. It assessed thirty-seven 4-year-old and twenty-eight 6-year-old children on the goal neglect version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort, and 3 tasks that measure WMC. As predicted, children with higher WMC scores were more likely to maintain goals adequately for task performance. The findings are consistent with a 2-factor model of working memory and its development.     

我院师资培训的效果分析与措施改进

本文根据学院新时期师资建设新要求,结合近年师资培训实际情况,分析了师资培训的积极效果和存在的问题,并针对师资培训存在的问题,提出了打造学院名师、打造精品课程特色等五点意见。     

浅谈怎样培养足球运动员的柔韧性和灵敏性

对足球运动员来说,培养灵敏性和柔韧性是至关重要的。本对如何培养足球运动员的灵敏性和柔韧性提出了具体的练习方法,因为只有灵敏性和柔韧性与各种身体素质密切配合,才能使足球运动员达到较高的竞技水平。     

Serum total PSA and free PSA in breast tumors

Now a days measurement of molecular forms of PSA has gained importance in clinical practice. Several studies have demonstrated the production of PSA in female tissues, such as breast. The present piece of work has been undertaken with an objective to estimate the relative proportion of the molecular forms of PSA in serum along with serum testosterone in benign and malignant breast tumor cases and to analyze their association with the severity of the disease process 34 malignant and 26 benign breast disease cases along with 33 healthy controls of same age group were enrolled in this study for evaluation. Serum testosterone was measured by ELISA, whereas serum total PSA (TPSA) and free PSA (FPSA) were estimated by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. A significant rise of fasting plasma glucose along with prominent dyslipidemia was observed in breast tumor cases. Marked rise in serum testosterone as well as TPSA and FPSA was documented in both benign and malignant breast tumor cases. Serum testosterone revealed a significant positive association with both TPSA and FPSA pointing towards an etiological association between them. However, surgical removal of tumor mass resulted in a marked decline of presurgical value of both TPSA and FPSA with a non-significant fall in serum testosterone revealing tumor tissue as the source of FPSA and TPSA. Thus, estimation of PSA provides prognostic information that may assist in future treatment.     

Maltreatment perpetrators: a 54-month analysis of recidivism

OBJECTIVE: This study compared recidivism rates for alleged maltreatment perpetrators whose initial report was substantiated and those whose initial report was not substantiated, to determine whether they returned to the child welfare system at differing rates. METHOD: Statewide administrative child welfare services data over a period of 4 1/2 years was analyzed. The sample included 31,531 perpetrators of intrafamilial maltreatment. Separate analyses were conducted for each type of maltreatment (sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect). RESULTS: Bivariate relationships (substantiation status and recidivism) were analyzed using survival curves, and the study found that recidivism patterns differed by type of maltreatment and by substantiation status at the index event. Multivariate analyses using Cox Proportional Hazards models found that bivariate relationships held true even when controlling for neighborhood mean income, ethnicity, and gender. CONCLUSIONS: The study's finding that perpetrators whose index event was not substantiated return to the child welfare system at a high rate suggests the need to learn how to discriminate those unsubstantiated alleged perpetrators who are most at risk for recidivism. The finding of frequent cross-type recidivism indicates that intervention should focus on common themes across maltreatment types.     

“兔子数列”与奇妙的黄金比

首先，让我们来看一个以“兔子繁殖”为背景的问题，数学家把它称为“兔子问题”，内容如下：“有人想知道一年内一对兔子可繁殖成多少对，便筑了一道围墙将一对兔子关在里面．已知一对兔子每一个月可以生一对小兔，而一对小兔生下后的第二个月就又开始生小兔．假如一年内兔子没有死亡，一对兔子一年内可繁殖成几对?”     

对未来公民的数学素质的探讨

在由“应试教育”向“素质教育”转轨的今天,从数学教育的目的出发,探讨数学素质问题无疑是极有价值的。本文试就未来公民的数学素质这一层次,谈几点认识和浅见。 (一) 数学是什么?尽管说法不一,但革命导师恩格斯的概括是较为妥贴的,即数学是关于现实世界的空间形式和数量关系的科学。从这一提法出发,名著《数学的内容方法和意义》把数学的特点概括为:高度的抽象性、逻辑的严谨性和应用的广泛性,时至今日,随着以计算机为标志的现代计算工具的出现,数学再象当年恩格斯那样仅用一句话来描述恐怕太显浅薄了,这主要体现在这样三方面:一是数学具有了作为科学的方法论属性;二是数学是关于客观世界的模式的科学;三是数学是关于客观世界的数学化过程。有鉴于此,对数学特征的“三性”似乎也应该重新认识。首先,数学的抽象性应从它的形式化来理解。诚如苏联数学家辛钦所说:“一切数学学科的决定性特点总是某种形式化的方法。”而这种形式的东西,正是布尔巴基学派所称的“结构”。其次,数学的严谨性离不开数学思维,而数学思维的本质在于生动活泼的策略创造,