信息科学：新的集成观（2）

2.1 知识的范围 数据、信息、知识和智慧可以看作是一个连续统一体中的组成部分,它们之中的一个可以引导出另一个,它们之间没有明显的界限。 知识的范围如图1所示。图中,“事件”指发生的一件事、一些条件或社会状态的变化。如果我们想要与这些状态或条件打交道,就必须把它表达出来。我们发明“符号”——数字、字母、雕像或图象作为事件的表达。当我们使用一定规则将这些符号组织起来,就产生了“数据”。我们的数字系统和语言都是这样的表述形式。     

诞生生命的残骸

银河系中的一颗超新星为我们提供了行星和人类起源的线索。[编者按]     

79 new cyclopeptides discovered from 28 plants

A key innovative research result has been achieved in systematic chemistry of plant cyclopeptides (PCPs), a group of important plant metabolites, by a research team with the CAS Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB)in the capital of southwest China's Yunnan Province. According to a recent announcement released by the Institute, its chemists have brought to light 79 new PCPs.     

服装的视觉空间

当我们对服装形式语言进行定义的时候,发现形体与空间的相互依存有密不可分的关系。所谓形体之分,其根本的差异性也是因为形体的空间呈现状态的不同而产生的。因此,在整体观察服装外形时,观察者既要考虑服装形体所占的空间和邻近区域对外形的影响,也要考虑观察者与服装形体之间的空间,即前景空间、后景空间、左部空间、右部空间。     

Making a difference? Measuring the impact of an information literacy programme for pre-registration nursing students in the UK

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether an information literacy programme for pre-registration nursing students at a UK higher education institution is effective in developing their skills and confidence: examines students' skill levels, factors affecting their confidence, and relationships between skills, confidence and demographic characteristics. METHODS: Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used: pre- and post-tests to measure changes in students' skills and self-assessed confidence levels after two key sessions in their first semester (n = 29); semi-structured interviews to explore factors affecting confidence (n = 5). RESULTS: Findings demonstrated positive impacts on skills and confidence. Key areas of skill development included: identifying journal articles, selecting search terms and evaluating website quality. Factors affecting confidence included: successful 'mastery' experiences in searching for information and the programme itself, especially small-group sessions, handouts and staff support. Evidence on links between skills, confidence and demographic factors was inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated the programme's effectiveness and identified areas for development, including the need to help students understand the relative merits of search engines and other sources. Evidence has contributed to a change in departmental policy, making attendance at sessions mandatory. Further studies have been recommended.     

How I teach evidence-based epidural information in a hospital and keep my job

A childbirth educator reveals her dilemma in teaching evidence-based practice in today's high-tech birth climate. She focuses on strategies to use when sharing epidural information with expectant parents.     

Commentary: the coalition for improving maternity services:

A consumer advocate, two childbirth educators, and a certified nurse-midwife each provide commentary on the effectiveness of and potential uses for the Evidence Basis for the Ten Steps of Mother-Friendly Care.     

Flavor-evaluative conditioning is unaffected by contingency knowledge during training with color-flavor compounds

In two experiments, participants inspected and drank a series of drinks, half of which contained sugar and half unpalatable Tween20 (tween). Each sugar and tween drink had a particular flavor and color. Following this training, the flavors of the sugar drinks were assigned higher hedonic evaluations than were those of the tween drinks, even though the participants did not reliably report which flavors had been present in the sugar and tween drinks during training. Moreover, the evaluative conditioning of the flavors was unaffected by whether or not the colors alone had been pretrained to predict the presence of sugar or tween in the drinks. In accord with Baeyens, Eelen, van den Bergh, and Crombez (1990), we conclude that flavor-evaluative conditioning is not mediated by contingency learning.