The effect of warm up on single and intermittent-sprint performance

Lack of benefit of warm up on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance has been proposed to be due to use of a pacing strategy by participants. To investigate this, twelve participants performed four cycle trials that consisted of either prolonged intermittent-sprint performance (80 min) or single-sprint performance (4 s), with or without a warm up. The first-sprint of intermittent-sprint performance was also assessed. No interaction effects (P > 0.05) were found between trials for intermittent-sprint performance for total work (J · kg(-1)), or percentage work and power decrement. Work done during the first-sprint of intermittent-sprint performance (no warm up) was less (P < 0.001) than the first-sprint of intermittent-sprint performance (warm up; effect size (ES) = 0.59) and both single-sprint trials (warm up and no warm up; ES = 0.91, 0.75, respectively). Peak power (W · kg(-1)) for single-sprint (warm up) was greater (P < 0.05) than single-sprint (no warm up), and the first-sprint of intermittent-sprint performance (warm up and no warm up). Warm up improved single-sprint performance and the first sprint of intermittent-sprint performance. Use of a pacing strategy probably resulted in similar intermittent-sprint performance between trials. These results suggest that team-sport players should perform a warm up at the start of a game or before substitution during a game.     

PAT RILEY 传奇永铸

帕特·莱利常为NBA的老球迷津津乐道的莫过于,他既有执教"SHOW TIME"的湖人队在八十年代夺取四次总冠军时英俊潇洒的一面,也有带领肮脏粗野的尼克斯队在九十年代打出铁血篮球的强硬狡猾的另一面。迄今为止,过去十七个赛季在迈阿密的工作是莱利的职业生涯中做过最长的。在这期间,他做过两次主教练,一次总经理,推倒重建热火一次又一次。从2008年至今,作为主席莱利最得意的杰作莫过于组建成现在这支三巨头带领的迈阿密热火,这支球队已经连续两个赛季打入总决赛了。上次热火问鼎总冠军还是六年前,莱利执教的以韦德和奥尼尔为核心的球队。我们的六位作家就他们各自的角度来描绘帕特·莱利,而主题只有一个:传奇永驻。     

From cruelty to welfare: the emergence of farm animal welfare in Britain, 1964-71

There is a long history of concern in Britain for how animals are treated. Until the 1960s, these concerns were expressed largely in terms of cruelty or suffering, which was prevented through various acts of Parliament. Over the period 1964-71, amidst public debates about intensive farming, a new discourse of animal welfare emerged. To understand what welfare meant and how it became established as a term, a concept and a target of government regulation, it is necessary to examine farming politics and practices, the existing tradition of animal protection and attempts to rethink the nature of animal suffering.     

Credibility battles in the autism litigation

That vaccines do not cause autism is now a widely accepted proposition, though a few dissenters remain. An 8-year court process in the US federal vaccine injury compensation court ended in 2010 with rulings that autism was not an adverse reaction to vaccination. There were two sets of trials: one against the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and one against the mercury-based preservative thimerosal. The MMR story is more widely known because of publicity surrounding the main proponent of an MMR-autism link, British doctor Andrew Wakefield, but the story of thimerosal in court is largely untold. This study examines the credibility battles and boundary work in the two cases, illuminating the sustaining world of alternative science that supported the parents, lawyers, researchers, and expert witnesses against vaccines. After the loss in court, the families and their advocates transformed their scientific arguments into an indictment of procedural injustice in the vaccine court. I argue that the very efforts designed to produce legitimacy in this type of lopsided dispute will be counter-mobilized as evidence of injustice, helping us understand why settling a scientific controversy in court does not necessarily mean changing anyone's mind.     

Does sensorimotor training improve the static balance of young volleyball players?

The aim of this investigation is to assess the effectiveness of a 6-week balance training (BT) protocol, integrated in regular training sessions, on postural sway of young female volleyball players (n = 26, age 13.0 +/- 0.2 years) divided into two groups (intervention and control; 13 per group). Trials were performed for bipedal and unipedal stance conditions before and after the BT protocol, using a pressure platform to collect center-of-pressure (COP) time series that were processed to calculate sway area, COP path length, and maximum displacement range in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. The intervention group exhibited smaller sway areas in eyes closed conditions (intervention = 42.76 mm2, control = 67.60 mm2; p < 0.05) and Romberg quotients (intervention = 1.11 mm, control = 1.82 mm) in bipedal stance, while all the other parameters were unaffected. BT also reduced sway area (intervention = 122.70 mm2, control = 187.18 mm2) and anteroposterior COP displacements (intervention = 20.18 mm, control = 22.38 mm) of the non-dominant limb for single-leg stance. No significant change was found for the dominant limb. Although it is possible to hypothesize a beneficial effect of BT on young athletes, further investigations are required to clarify its actual effect on balance performance with respect to normal volleyball training.     

德国医学教育

2002年联邦卫生部颁发了医学执照管理新规定之后,德国医学教育发生了一系列变革。"博洛尼亚进程"的实施还是颇有争议的。本文主要描述当今德国医学教育的基本特征,重点放在本科医学教育,同时也涉及研究生教育及继续医学教育。     

加拿大高等教育国际化政策面临的三个挑战

国际化在加拿大高等教育政策中至今未能受到高度重视,原因有三：一是20世纪60到70年代政府主张大学更多地关注有关本土的经验;二是加拿大的联邦政治架构致使教育、外交和国际贸易相互分离,各级政府难以合作推进国际化;三是由于历史原因人们担忧国际化会削弱大学满足本国公民入学需求的能力。改变现状的关键在于,加拿大政府应该把国际化视作一项重要的国内事务。     

人生如树

总希望站成一种风景。人生如树,理当挺立。 旅途坎坷,梦中的绿叶常在风雨中飘落．唯剩下孤零零的枝干在风中摇曳。     

长眠于那颗幸福的小星球

小莫莫从未打算离开双鱼星。 自从决定做双鱼星的守望者后,她就准备和桃乐丝乖乖地待在这颗美丽的星球上。这里有山有水,有花有草,也有可爱的小动物,但这里只有她和桃乐丝两个人。所以,这是颗孤独的星球。幸好小莫莫是耐得住寂寞的,但桃乐丝不是。     

为成为全球公民做好准备——在新生开学典礼上的演讲

各位2006级的同学们,我很高兴,能与沙利文院长一起在这儿欢迎你们来到耶鲁大学。我也要向一起参加典礼的家长及亲友们表示诚挚的欢迎,尤其要感谢这些家长们,感谢你们把这些才华横溢、充满希望的孩子委托给耶鲁,他们将在耶鲁度过美好的大学时光。