欧盟和布什政府关注全球变暖问题

1 当双方讨论到气候变化问题时,美国和欧盟就像捉小鸡游戏中两辆对开的汽车,德国总理安吉拉·默克尔的气候问题顾问拉吉姆·施耐胡勃这样评价道.这样说可能有点言过其实.但这次在德国海边度假城市海利根达姆召开的八国峰会上,美国和以德国为首的欧盟在气候问题上的分歧确实很难有根本性的扭转.     

Criterion-referenced Assessment and the Development of Knowledge and Understanding

The paper argues that no criterion-referenced assessment system can achieve both reliability and validity at one and the same time. It shows that the reasons for this are conceptual, and hence that empirical research into the'problem' is a waste of money and effort. Considerable discussion is devoted to ideas of knowledge and understanding, and to proper educational objectives pertaining to these. Much reference is made to the current National Curriculum context in the United Kingdom, and conclusions are drawn for appropriate educational policy in this area.     

Social Class,Educational Opportunity and Equal Entitlement: Dilemmas of schooling in England and France

Through a comparison of the beliefs, goals and teaching methods adopted by primary school teachers working in areas of disadvantage in England and France, this paper considers how the education systems of the two countries resolve the dilemmas involved in providing educational opportunities to children of all social class backgrounds. Traditionally, the centralised French system, strongly influenced by a republican ideological tradition, has adopted a policy of equal entitlement and equal treatment for all, while the English system has enshrined the notion of differentiated teaching according to the perceived needs of the child. In research carried out before recent reforms, significant differences were found in the goals which inner city teachers set themselves in the two countries. Recent follow-up research indicates the continued central importance of teachers' values in the light of strong external pressure to change.     

Exploring Satisfying Experiences in Museums

This article presents results from an ongoing research project that investigates the experiences visitors find satisfying in museums. Using a list constructed from interviews with visitors and surveys, data were obtained from visitors in nine Smithsonian museums. Analysis of the results showed that experiences can be classified into four categories: Object experiences, Cognitive experiences, Introspective experiences, and Social experiences. The article points out that the type of most satisfying experience differs according to the characteristics of museums, exhibitions, and visitors. It also proposes an interpretation for these data, and suggests some possible applications.