Development and validation of the preschool learning behaviors scale

This article presents the design, national standardization, and validation of the Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale (McDermott, Green, Francis, & Stott, 2000). A normative sample (N = 100) of 3‐ to 5–1/2‐year‐olds was configured to the U.S. Census, wherewith factor analyses yielded distinct and reliable dimensions of Competence Motivation, Attention/Persistence, and Attitude Toward Learning. The solution was invariant in an independent national sample (N = 170) and generalizable across child sex, age, ethnicity, and parent education level. Three‐week stability and interobserver agreement were supported with a local Head Start sample (N = 52). Bivariate and canonical correlations demonstrated validity convergence with indices of social skills, divergence from behavior problems, and substantial independence from cognitive ability. Implications and future research are considered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Hazardous occupations, illness, and schooling

This initial study of the direct and indirect effects of schooling and direct effects of occupational hazards on health uses a recursive model involving choice of occupation that depends on schooling. Although the model represents only one possible conceptualization and the data on health are not the most desirable, evidence is found that occupational hazards have a strong influence on health independent of education and earnings. In addition, it is found that schooling has no direct effects on work hours lost due to illness and no indirect effects through choice of a safe job. The unimportance of schooling in affecting health may be partially explained by the limited sample which includes only blue-collar employees in very risky occupations.