Teachers' perspectives on the challenges of teaching physical education in urban schools: the student emotional filter

The purpose of this study was to analyze how the challenges of urban schools influence physical education teachers' emotional understanding and connections with their students and the implications on their teaching. Sixty-one elementary physical educators from an urban school district in the midwestern U.S. were interviewed multiple times (N = 136) over 3 years using interpretive methodology. Teachers reported five unique challenges that significantly shaped their thinking about students and their careers, along with strategies they used to overcome or manage those challenges. The challenges were: (a) insufficient instructional resources, (b) implementing culturally relevant pedagogy, (c) dealing with community violence, (d) integrating more games in curricula, and (e) teaching in a culture of basketball. Implications centered on the guilt-inducing nature of urban teaching, developing an informed and realistic vision of urban physical education, and the role of teacher preparation and professional development.     

The angiogenetic effect of intramuscular administration of b-FGF and a-FGF on cardiac muscle: the influence of exercise on muscle angiogenesis

Although angiogenetic therapy using recombinant growth factors holds much hope for the treatment of ischaemic diseases, there are still many unanswered questions, including the method of administration, the correct dose of these factors, and the duration of the therapeutic approach. Exercise has also been suggested to induce neovascularizaiton in muscles. We evaluated the angiogenetic effects of the intramuscular administration of basic-fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and acidic-fibroblast growth factor (a-FGF) in rat heart, compared with rats who exercised daily. In conclusion, both the intramuscular administration of b-FGF and exercise increased significantly angiogenesis in the heart in contrast to the intramuscular administration of a-FGF, which was ineffective.     

Special populations: the female player and the youth player

Females and youth are frequently described as "special" populations in football literature, but together these two populations outnumber male players. What makes females "special" is that they tend to eat less when training and competing than their male counterparts, leading to lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, and some nutrients. Youth football players are special in regard to energy and nutrient requirements to promote growth and development, as well as to fuel sport. There is limited research on the dietary habits of these two populations, but the available literature suggests that many female and youth players need to increase carbohydrate intake, increase fluid intake, and develop dietary habits to sustain the demands of training and competition.     

The relationship between shoulder alignment and elbow joint angle in cricket fast-medium bowlers

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between shoulder alignment and elbow angle during the delivery action of fast-medium bowlers. The elbow and upper trunk alignment were recorded for 13 high-performance bowlers (mean age 20 years) using a 12-camera Vicon motion analysis system operating at 250 Hz. The three highest velocity trials for "good" and "short" length deliveries were analysed. Results showed that bowlers with a more front-on shoulder alignment at back-foot impact and when the upper arm was horizontal to the ground experienced a significantly greater elbow flexion--extension range when compared with those who had a more side-on orientation at the same point in the delivery action. Bowlers with greater shoulder counter-rotation also recorded higher elbow flexion and subsequently extension during the period from upper arm horizontal to ball release. Shoulder alignment and elbow angles were similar for "short" and "good" length deliveries. It was concluded that bowlers with a more front-on shoulder orientation at back-foot impact demonstrated a higher elbow extension from upper arm horizontal to ball release and are therefore more likely to infringe International Cricket Council elbow tolerance levels, compared with those who adopt a more side-on shoulder orientation at back-foot impact.     

“中國農民戰爭”教學(续)

第二课教師在問課之後,便轉到農民戰争第二階段的史實。太平天國的上層統治階級蜕化了。在残殺楊秀清之後,隨着便出现一個由高級官僚組成的新封建階級。軍事将領和負責管理地産的官吏们奪取了土地後,自己變成地主。‘人民大衆失去對自己領袖的信心,——中國的歷史家寫道——因而閃避他们’(参閥r、c、卡拉——莫爾查教授著的‘太平軍’。莫斯科,一九五○版,第一。八頁)。r、E、葉非莫夫在插寫一八五六年政變後太平天國的情形的時候,指出了‘人民的、反封建性質的運動和脫離人民的太平軍的領導政策之間的差別,越來越大了’(‘中國近代史概要’一九五一年第二版,第六一頁)。     

滑翔机是怎样飞行的?

滑翔运动是最引人入胜的一种航空体育运动,也是青年们的一种体育运动。在一种没有发动机的叫做滑翔机的飞行器上面,人们可以在空中保持停留好几小时,航行数百公里的距离,不但能升得相当高,而且还能作一些优等航空术的特技表演。滑翔的这种锻炼能使人们熟悉飞行,培养出飞行人员的果断品质。许多苏联杰出的飞行员,例如,A.N.巴克雷斯金,A.N.莫洛得奇依等人,都是从滑翔飞行中锻     

認識是沒有界限的

科学上的兩個陣營 我們可不可以认识周圍的世界呢?我們能不能在自己的观念或概念中,產生現實底確實反映呢? 這是整個宇宙觀中的一個最基本的問題。對於這個问量,哲学已作了回答,也就是說,和自然界、人類社會以及思惟等的一般規律有着密切關係的科學,也作了回答。可是哲學並不都是一样的,因為哲學的發展是和階級矛盾——進步势力與反動勢力的鬥爭分不開的。在悠久的哲學史中,一     

石头是怎样生成的?

本文是从苏联伟大的矿物学家、通俗科学读物作家、科学院院士费尔斯曼(1883—1945)所著的“趣味矿物学”书中翻译过来的。“趣味矿物学”于1945年出版,已经有几国文字的翻译,是一本生动、活泼的通俗科学著作。我们已约请北京地质学院小塔同志负责翻译,以后将选出一部分陆续在本刊发表。原文文笔富有文艺性,在翻译上不易保持原来风格。有些地方为了使读者易于清楚明白起见,编者曾略加修改;如有错误,应由编者负责。     

生命的起源

科学家进行发掘工作以后,在地下发现了古代动物和植物的残骸(化石)。从这些卤获物可以确定一点,就是在远古时期,生物的种类没有现在这么繁多,结构也没有现在这么复杂。高级的动物和植物是由比较不复杂的有机体演发而成的。但是,最简单的有机体,即地球上一切生     

爱熱微生物

從很早的時候,人類就在为許多不可捉摸的而每天都在周圍發生的現象尋找解釋。譬如:为什麼牛奶變質變酸?傳染病從哪裏來?为何死去的動植物有機組織腐败等等。在五、六年級學植物時,學生都知道:所有這些现象都是由各種不同的極小的單細胞生物——微生物所引起的。細菌就是微生物的一種,它是非常小的属於植物界的有生物。科學家每年都一再地揭露這些新的看不见的廣大生物界的秘密。生物學博士,斯大林獎金獲得者E. H. 米舒斯