Kicks from the penalty mark in soccer: the roles of stress, skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes

The soccer "penalty shootout" in the knock-out phase of major international tournaments is one of the most dramatic events in international soccer. The outcome of these kicks is typically attributed to factors such as psychology (e.g. coping with stress), skill (e.g. kicking technique), physiology (e.g. overcoming the fatigue of 120 min play), and chance (e.g. in what direction the goalkeeper moves). The purpose of this study was to use internet game record data to estimate the relative importance of these performance components for the outcome of penalty kicks in international matches. Data were collected from soccer statistics internet sites on all 41 penalty shootouts and 409 kicks taken in the World Cup, European Championships, and Copa America between 1976 and 2004. The results showed that the importance of the kicks (indicative of stress) was negatively related to the outcomes of the kicks, whereas skill and fatigue were less, or not, related to outcome. It was concluded that psychological components are most influential for the outcome of penalty kicks. We recommend that practitioners work with players to reduce the perceived importance of each kick.     

Gross motor skills and sports participation of children with visual impairments

Gross motor skill performance of children with visual impairments and its association with the degree of visual impairment and sports participation was examined. Twenty children with visual impairments (M age = 9.2 years, SD = 1.5) and 100 sighted children (M age = 9.1 years, SD = 1.5) from mainstream schools participated. The results showed that children with visual impairments had significantly lower object control but not locomotor skill scores than the sighted children. No significant differences were found between children with a moderate and severe visual impairment. Children with visual impairments who participated in sports had significantly higher object control skill scores than those who did not. No significant associations between motor skills and sports participation were found in the sighted children.     

School-based interventions for obesity: Current approaches and future prospects

Obesity is a serious, prevalent, and recurring disorder that affects many school children. There are numerous physical, and perhaps psychosocial, difficulties associated with being overweight. This article examines three major types of intervention strategies that have been utilized in school-based weight-reduction programs. Behavior modification, dietary control/nutrition education, and physical activities have been successfully combined in multificeted obesity interventions to produce modest weight loss. Improved research designs, long-term follow-up, further examination of social supports, and prevention strategies are needed.     

对高师生物教学改革的思考

从中学生物教学存在的问题和原因入手,提出了高师生物教育专业人才培养如何适应中学生物教育改革需要的途径和思路,讨论了高师生物教育专业的改革问题.     

我国高校课堂教学评价方式与路径重构

教学评价是我国促进教师教学行为改进、提升教师教学效率的重要手段之一,教学评价的重要性不容忽视。我国高校教学评价的方式主要包括学生评价、同行评价、督导评价等。文章探究教学评价的特征与运作逻辑。通过分析高校课堂教学评价方式和高校的个案访谈,发现教学评价存在下述问题：推崇管理价值,忽略多元价值取向,目的与手段倒置,利益引导下的理性计算,评价制度真实性的缺失。针对这些问题,提出相应的评价方式的重构路径：关注多元价值目标,促进人的发展;重塑教学目的,重视师生双向发展;扩大同行评价群体,降低利益共谋风险;转变督导评价方式,设置相应评价标准。     

重构与推进:新文科背景下的高校哲学社会科学变革

新文科建设区别于传统文科,围绕新科技革命和产业变革、全球化风险社会和建构中国特色哲学社会科学的时代背景而展开。以新文科为背景,我国高校哲学社会科学研究面临理论场域和话语体系的拓展和重构、现代大学制度中的学科界限和壁垒的突破和超越、研究范式和研究主体的更新与改造等挑战。新文科背景下的高校哲学社会科学研究应当加快改造现有学科体系、推动知识生产模式转进、完善知识话语体系、打通科研与教学界限,以实现高质量内涵式发展。     

利用人工鱼礁工程增殖海洋水产资源的研究

该文分析了人工鱼礁用于海洋牧场建设的可行性和人工鱼礁集鱼的机理，并介绍了人工鱼礁的种类、结构形式、平面布置以及制作人工鱼礁投放场地的若干问题进行了深入的探讨。     

我国竞技网球运动员状况调查研究

目的:旨在从我国现役在册竞技网球运动员的角度发现制约我国竞技网球运动发展的问题,提出合理建议,为尽快提高我国竞技网球运动水平提供理论依据.方法:采用文献资料调研、专家访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等研究方法.结果:我国竞技网球运动员人数近年来呈逐年上升态势,但总人数只有900多人.从地域分布看,东部人数最多,西部人数最少.我国竞技网球运动员以一级、二级为主,健将级人数较少;运动员学历水平低;擅长底线技术,接发球技术最薄弱;体能训练少,参加国内、国际比赛少.结论:我国竞技网球运动员人数少,地域分布不均,健将级人数较少,学历水平低,接发球、发球技术薄弱,体能训练少,参加国内、外比赛少等因素是制约运动员取得优异成绩的极大障碍.     

当前我国社区体育赛事的组织管理研究

以社区体育赛事的组织管理为研究对象,对社区体育赛事的定义、发展现状、组织形式以及管理中存在的问题进行研究,提出可建立社区体育竞赛管理中心来负责运作和管理社区体育赛事,对中心的机构设置、经费来源进行分析说明,论证中心的建立可实现社区体育赛事运营管理的最优化。