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511.
OBJECTIVE: Utilizing the conceptual framework of the Social Information Processing (SIP) model (Milner, 1993, 2000), associations between cognitive risk factors and child physical abuse risk and maladaptive discipline style and practices were examined in an at-risk population. METHODS: Seventy-three mothers of 5-12-year-old children, who were identified by their therapist as having an externalizing behavior problem, responded to self-report measures pertaining to cognitive risk factors (empathic perspective taking, frustration tolerance, developmental expectations, parenting locus of control), abuse risk, and discipline style and practices. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) provided a confirmation of the child's externalizing behaviors independent of the therapist's assessment. RESULTS: The results of this study suggest several cognitive risk factors significantly predict risk of parental aggression toward children. A parent's ability to empathize and take the perspective of their child, parental locus of control, and parental level of frustration tolerance were significant predictors of abuse potential (accounting for 63% of the variance) and inappropriate discipline practices (accounting for 55% of the variance). CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the present study provide support for processes theorized in the SIP model. Specifically, results underscore the potential role of parents' frustration tolerance, developmental expectations, locus of control, and empathy as predictive of abuse potential and disciplinary style in an at-risk sample. 相似文献
512.
This article examines the nature of learning communities constructed among a diverse group of adult learners in an online graduate-level course. The course engages students in both independent and team tasks to complete several project deliverables. The 21 students enrolled in this online course came from across the USA and countries as far away as Hong Kong, Japan, Argentina and Venezuela. Students and their instructor communicated via a variety of computer-mediated communication (CMC) tools, including synchronous webcasts and chat sessions and asynchronous e-mail and discussion boards. Discourse artefacts, student profiles, survey responses, and project evaluations were content analysed for evidence of the formation of learning communities, particularly for evidence of three markers: participation, shared identity and the establishment of a social network. This action research also generates pedagogical implications for promoting adult learners' active participation in online learning and instructional strategies to facilitate the community-building process. Construction d’une communauté d’apprentissage en ligne pour des étudiants adultes. Cet article examine la nature des communautés d’apprentissage formées dans un groupe varié d’étudiants adultes dans un cours en ligne de niveau graduate. Le cours engage les étudiants dans des taches À la fois indépendantes et en groupe pour mettre en oeuvre plusieurs projets. Les 21 étudiants inscrits dans ce cours en ligne venaient des Etats Unis et de pays aussi lointaines que Hong Kong, le Japon, l’Argentine et le Venezuela. Les étudiants et leur instructeur communiquaient grÂce À une variété d’outils de computer-mediated communication (CMC), y compris ces contributions synchrones du Web, des séances de chat, des e-mails asynchrones et des sessions de discussion. Les produits des causeries, les profits des étudiants, les réponses aux questionnaires et les évaluations du projet ont donné lieu À des analyses de contenue pour mettre en évidence la formation de ces communautés d’apprentissage, et particulièrement 3 marqueurs: la participation, le partage des identités et l’établissement d’un réseau social. Cette recherche en action engendre aussi des implications pédagogiques pour promouvoir la participation des stratégies d’instruction pour faciliter le processus de construction de la communauté. über die Bildung einer Online Lerngemeinschaft zwischen erwachsenen Lernenden. Dieser Artikel untersucht das Verhalten von Lerngemeinschaften bei unterschiedlichen Lerngruppen von Erwachsenen in einem online Examenskurs. Der Kurs verlangt von den Studenten selbständig und im Team einige vorgegebene Projekte fertigzustellen. Die in diesem online Kurs 21 eingeschriebenen Studenten kamen aus Gegenden quer durch die USA und Ländern wie Hong Kong, Japan, Argentinien und Venezuela. Die Studenten und ihr Lehrer kummunizierten via einer Vielzahl von Computer gestützten Communication Tools (CMC) einschliesslich synchronen webcasts und chat sessions sowie asynchronen e-mails und Diskussionsforen. Arbeitswerkzeuge, Studentenprofile, Prüfung der Antworten, und Projektevaluierungen wurden inhaltsbezogen analysiert um die Formierung von Lerngemeinschaften zu beweisen und im besonderen drei Hauptmerkmale zu belegen: Teilnahme, Mitteilung der Identität und Einrichtung eines gemeinsamen Networks. Diese Studie hatte pädagogische Folgen, nämlich die aktive Teilnahme Erwachsener im online Lernen und bei Unterrichtsstrategien zu fördern, um den Prozess einer Gemeinschaftsbildung zu erleichtern. 相似文献
513.
Abstract This article is based on a year‐long study of elementary to secondary transition in rural Ontario, Canada. The study considered the experience of transition for rural students within the political context of recently mandated changes to the transition years in Ontario. Research elsewhere suggests that the strong academic orientation of the secondary school creates a polarized and fragmented school culture which leads to student alienation and high drop‐out rates. These issues were regarded as less relevant in the rural area where the study took place and, thus, the teachers, parents and students who participated were sceptical about the need for change. The article examines the influence of contextual factors, including the rural setting, school structure and size, and teacher experience, on school culture and curriculum, and participants’ experiences of transition and their perspectives on change. A dialogical approach to enquiry was taken which attempted to bring together, through dialogue, the disparate views of research and participants to achieve new understandings on the critical issues of rural transition. 相似文献
514.
The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation has created pressure for districts to improve their students’ proficiency levels on state tests. Districts that fail to meet their academic targets for 3 years must use their Title I funds to pay for supplemental education services (SES) that provide tutoring or other academic instruction. Many districts, including the Pittsburgh Public Schools (PPS), have also adopted additional tutoring programs designed to help students reach proficiency goals. This paper examines student participation and achievement in two PPS tutoring programs—the NCLB-mandated SES program and a state-developed tutoring program. We examine the characteristics of students participating in each program, the effects of participation on student achievement, and the program features that are associated with improved achievement. 相似文献
515.
516.
Christina Hamme Peterson E. Matthew Schulz George Engelhard Jr. 《Educational Measurement》2011,30(2):3-14
Historically, Angoff‐based methods were used to establish cut scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). In 2005, the National Assessment Governing Board oversaw multiple studies aimed at evaluating the reliability and validity of Bookmark‐based methods via a comparison to Angoff‐based methods. As the Board considered adoption of Bookmark‐based methods, it considered several criteria, including reliability of the cut scores, validity of the cut scores as evidenced by comparability of results to those from Angoff, and procedural validity as evidenced by panelist understanding of the method tasks and instructions and confidence in the results. As a result of their review, a Bookmark‐based method was adopted for NAEP, and has been used since that time. This article goes beyond the Governing Board's initial evaluations to conduct a systematic review of 27 studies in NAEP research conducted over 15 years. This research is used to evaluate Bookmark‐based methods on key criteria originally considered by the Governing Board. Findings suggest that Bookmark‐based methods have comparable reliability, resulting cut scores, and panelist evaluations to Angoff. Given that Bookmark‐based methods are shorter in duration and less costly, Bookmark‐based methods may be preferable to Angoff for NAEP standard setting. 相似文献
517.
518.
Shelley Alonso-Marsden Kenneth A. DodgeKaren J. O’Donnell Robert A. MurphyJeannine M. Sato Christina Christopoulos 《Child abuse & neglect》2013
Objective
As nurse home visiting to prevent child maltreatment grows in popularity with both program administrators and legislators, it is important to understand engagement in such programs in order to improve their community-wide effects. This report examines family demographic and infant health risk factors that predict engagement and follow-through in a universal home-based maltreatment prevention program for new mothers in Durham County, North Carolina.Methods
Trained staff members attempted to schedule home visits for all new mothers during the birthing hospital stay, and then nurses completed scheduled visits three to five weeks later. Medical record data was used to identify family demographic and infant health risk factors for maltreatment. These variables were used to predict program engagement (scheduling a visit) and follow-through (completing a scheduled visit).Results
Program staff members were successful in scheduling 78% of eligible families for a visit and completing 85% of scheduled visits. Overall, 66% of eligible families completed at least one visit. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses indicated that high demographic risk and low infant health risk were predictive of scheduling a visit. Both low demographic and infant health risk were predictive of visit completion.Conclusions
Findings suggest that while higher demographic risk increases families’ initial engagement, it might also inhibit their follow-through. Additionally, parents of medically at-risk infants may be particularly difficult to engage in universal home visiting interventions. Implications for recruitment strategies of home visiting programs are discussed. 相似文献519.
Publicly funded prekindergarten programs have achieved small‐to‐large impacts on children's cognitive outcomes. The current study examined the impact of a prekindergarten program that implemented a coaching system and consistent literacy, language, and mathematics curricula on these and other nontargeted, essential components of school readiness, such as executive functioning. Participants included 2,018 four and five‐year‐old children. Findings indicated that the program had moderate‐to‐large impacts on children's language, literacy, numeracy and mathematics skills, and small impacts on children's executive functioning and a measure of emotion recognition. Some impacts were considerably larger for some subgroups. For urban public school districts, results inform important programmatic decisions. For policy makers, results confirm that prekindergarten programs can improve educationally vital outcomes for children in meaningful, important ways. 相似文献
520.