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James Christopher Head 《Critical Studies in Education》2019,60(1):37-54
Following the trend of consequential accountability in US public education, New York City introduced a teacher evaluation program during the 2013–2014 school year that linked teachers’ individual performance ratings with their students’ exam scores. As this program systemically alters the nature of teacher–student relationships by transforming students into the means to an end (teachers’ professional viability), this study investigated the implementation of this accountability program from the point of view of the teachers – those who were the subject of this new policy. This study of 15 teachers’ narratives from 3 distinct schools illuminates a social-organizational process that I refer to as mediated institutional assault – a perceived attack on the teachers’ sense of personhood and moral agency perpetrated by mediating figures whose actions were facilitated by bureaucratic policies and institutionally coordinated tools of control. Thus, this study reveals that the consequence of this new mode of accountability is not merely the threat of losing one’s job, but also an insidious form of psychological assault, which in its masked delivery violates teachers’ sense of relational morality and challenges deeply engrained beliefs about their role as educators. 相似文献
13.
Four pigeons responded on a two-component multiple token-reinforcement schedule, in which tokens were produced according to
a random-interval 30-sec schedule and exchanged according to a variable-ratio 4 schedule in both components. To assess the
effects of contingent token loss, tokens were removed after every second response (i.e., fixed-ratio 2 loss) in one of the
components. Response rates were selectively lower in the loss components relative to baseline (no-loss) conditions, as well
as to the within-condition no-loss components. Response rates were decreased to a greater degree in the presence of tokens
than in their absence. To control for the effects of changes in the density of token and food reinforcement, two parts consisted
of additional conditions where food density and token loss were yoked to those in a previous loss condition. In the yoked-food condition, tokens were produced as usual in both components, but the overall density of food reinforcement in one of the
components was yoked to that obtained during a previous token-loss condition. In the yoked token-loss condition, tokens were removed during one component of the multiple schedule at a rate that approximately matched the obtained
rate of loss from a previous token-loss condition. Response rates in these yoked components were less affected than those
in comparable loss components, despite similar densities of token, exchange, and food reinforcement. On the whole, the results
support the conclusion that contingent token loss serves as an effective punisher with pigeons. 相似文献
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How evident is democracy within education in Japan, and is current practice different from elsewhere? This paper assesses the perception that Japanese political and educational practices are not fully 'democratic'. The first part examines the Japanese perspective on democracy, and then considers democracy and education in Japan. From a school-based study, the second part discusses examples of class practice concerning decision-making. The paper concludes that democracy is deeply rooted in Japanese history, but not in a form that is readily recognisable to Western observers. Consensus has been more significant than voting. The view that the US administration had a strong influence probably reflects policy rhetoric, not the reality in schools. But this rhetoric may have led to a belief that 'democracy' is not an appropriate term within contemporary Japanese education. However, what happens in Japanese classrooms equates with 'democratic' practice elsewhere. 相似文献
16.
Differential Grading Standards Revisited 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The differential grading standards described by Goldman and Widawski (1976) exist in the same magnitude and in roughly the same order a decade later in a different kind of institution. Major fields that attract as majors students who score higher on SATs employ stricter grading standards. These differential grading standards serve to attenuate the correlation between SAT scores and grades, which is, even in highly selective institutions, substantial. 相似文献
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Christopher Bischof 《History of education》2020,49(2):160-183
ABSTRACTThis article argues that the history of mass education as it was written in Great Britain between 1870 and 1914 became an important site for debating what it meant to be British and the nature of progress. In particular, it explores different perspectives on when and where to begin a history of mass education, whom or what to make central to it, and what guidance the past offered for the future. Disagreements over these seemingly narrow questions reflected broader disagreements about what it meant to be British (including whether there was a deep-seated national character at all); the nature of the union; and how and why progress happened. 相似文献
19.
Rita Christopher K. Taranath Shetty 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》1996,11(1):81-84
The renal Fanconi syndrome which results from renal tubular dysfunction can be either associated with various inbom errors of metabolism or acquired from various etiology. We report a case of gentamycin-induced Fanconi syndrome in a 4-month old infant who presented with aminoaciduria, glucosuria, phosphaturia and compensated metabolic acidosis. 相似文献
20.
Cross-lingual semantic interoperability has drawn significant attention in recent digital library and World Wide Web research as the information in languages other than English has grown exponentially. Cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) across different European languages, such as English, Spanish, and French, has been widely explored; however, CLIR across European languages and Oriental languages is still in the initial stage. To cross language boundary, corpus-based approach is promising to overcome the limitation of the knowledge-based and controlled vocabulary approaches but collecting parallel corpora between European language and Oriental language is not an easy task. Length-based and text-based approaches are two major approaches to align parallel documents. In this paper, we investigate several techniques using these approaches and compare their performances in aligning English and Chinese titles of parallel documents available on the Web. 相似文献