Federal and state grants to education: Are they stimulative or substitutive?

This paper offers some evidence on the extent of substitution by local educational agencies of federal and state revenue for local revenue. Employing data for all school districts in South Carolina for 1978 and 1982, it is shown that each additional dollar of federal aid reduces local avenues (on average) by between 25 and 35 cents, implying that while local revenues are stimulated by federal aid, some of the latter is used in the form of tax relief. State aid appears to be more stimulative, especially for 1978 and 1982, although preliminary data for 1985 indicate some local substitution. The stability of the regression coefficients from 1978 to 1982 is also explored.     

Anatomical doll play of preschoolers referred for sexual abuse and those not referred

Anatomical dolls are used to facilitate children's explanations of sexual abuse. The goal of this study was to identify whether children referred for evaluation of possible sexual abuse would react differently to dolls than would nonreferred controls matched on sex, race, and age. A sample of 35 two- through six-year-olds referred to a hospital child abuse clinic were compared to 35 controls. After a rapport-building exercise, each child played under four conditions in a specially prepared room. Two coders, unaware of the child's group membership, viewed each videotaped session and completed separate behavioral checklists. Six conclusions resulted: (1) anatomical dolls did not create undue anxiety; (2) careful interpretation of sexualized play with dolls is needed; (3) dolls did not overstimulate and cause demonstration of sexual activity; (4) sexual abuse could not be diagnosed solely on the basis of doll play; (5) children in both groups inserted their fingers into doll openings; and (6) practitioners must rely on supporting verbal and physical evidence when making the determination of possible sexual abuse. More training and comfort with anatomical dolls and knowledge of normal child development principles are needed by examiners.     

Foregone earnings of college students in the U.S., 1970 and 1979: a microanalytic approach

Foregone earnings are defined as the difference between a student's potential and actual income. Data from the 1970 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Youths Labor Market Experience and the 1979 Youths Cohort of the NLS are employed to estimate foregone earnings of male college students. Estimates are provided by full- and parttime enrollments, and by attendance level (lower-division and upper division undergraduates and graduate-professional). The results are compared to estimates provided by other authors.     

Infant-mother face-to-face interaction: age and gender differences in coordination and the occurrence of miscoordination

To evaluate the extent to which infants and mothers are able to coordinate their behavior, the interactions of 54 mother-infant pairs--18 each at 3, 6, and 9 months of age--were videotaped. Coordination was evaluated with 2 measures: (1) matching--the extent to which mother and infant engage in the same behavior at the same time; and (2) synchrony--the extent to which mother and infant change their behavior with respect to one another. Mother-infant pairs increase their degree of coordination with infant age, but the proportion of time they are coordinated is small. Mother-son pairs spend more time in coordinated states than mother-daughter pairs. The results suggest that interactions be characterized in terms of their movement from coordinated to miscoordinated states rather than only in terms of their degree of coordination. The gender differences are discussed in terms of their importance for the developmental differences in females and males.     

The Evolution of Business Models and Marketing Strategies in the Music Industry

This article provides a strategic analysis using a services marketing framework of 3 business models in the music industry: the traditional music industry; renegade peer-to-peer music file trading; and new, legitimate online downloading services. Key recommendations are made on how new, legitimate services can succeed using convergent marketing strategies. Finally, a conclusion is provided addressing the future of the music industry and other media-related industries.     

Analysis of Bcl I and Xba I polymorphism in factor VIII gene to detect carriers of haemophilia a in Andhra Pradesh

The efficacy of two intragenic polymorphic markers of factor VIII gene has been examined in Andhra Pradesh population with a view to confirm/revise the strategy for carrier detection that would be precise and economical. The haemophilia A carrier was detected using Bcl I and Xba I polymorphic sites in intron 18 and 22 respectively. The cumulative efficiency of these two sites for detection of carriers is 100% since all 15 families tested were informative for one of these polymorphisms, thus confirming their usefulness for factor VIII gene mutations found in Andhra Pradesh.