The influence of cricket fast bowlers’ front leg technique on peak ground reaction forces

Abstract

High ground reaction forces during the front foot contact phase of the bowling action are believed to be a major contributor to the high prevalence of lumbar stress fractures in fast bowlers. This study aimed to investigate the influence of front leg technique on peak ground reaction forces during the delivery stride. Three-dimensional kinematic data and ground reaction forces during the front foot contact phase were captured for 20 elite male fast bowlers. Eight kinematic parameters were determined for each performance, describing run-up speed and front leg technique, in addition to peak force and time to peak force in the vertical and horizontal directions. There were substantial variations between bowlers in both peak forces (vertical 6.7 ± 1.4 body weights; horizontal (braking) 4.5 ± 0.8 body weights) and times to peak force (vertical 0.03 ± 0.01 s; horizontal 0.03 ± 0.01 s). These differences were found to be linked to the orientation of the front leg at the instant of front foot contact. In particular, a larger plant angle and a heel strike technique were associated with lower peak forces and longer times to peak force during the front foot contact phase, which may help reduce the likelihood of lower back injuries.     

REVIEW ESSAY: Somatography

A History and Criticism of American Public Address. vols. Edited by William Norwood Brigance. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Co., Inc., 1943; pp. xvii + 1030. $10.00.

Dictionary of World Literature: Criticism, Forms, Technique. Edited by Joseph T. Shipley. New York: The Philosophical Library, 1943; pp. xvi + 633. $7.50.

Speech in Education: A Guide for the Classroom Teacher. By Ollie L. Backus. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1943; pp. 358 + xv. $2.75.

Gesture and Environment. By David Efron. Sketches by Stuyvesant Van Veen. Foreword by Franz Boas. New York: King's Crown Press, 1941; pp. 184 + x.

The Film Sense. By Sergei Eisenstein. Translated and edited by Jay Leyda. Harcourt, Brace; pp. 288. $3.00.

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The Defective in Speech. By Mildred Freberg Berry and Jon Eisenson. New York: F. S. Crofts &; Co., 1942; pp. 426. $3.00.

Interpretative Reading. By Sara Lowery and Gertrude E. Johnson. New York. D. Appleton‐Century, 1942; pp. xx + 607.

Inner Springs. By Frances Lester Warner. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1943; pp. 189.

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Review Essay: Post-Traumatic Memories around the Globe

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Understanding the Why Behind the How in Reading Instruction

One of the most critical pedagogical areas for student success is reading development and the use of reading to learn in the content areas. Teachers’ knowledge and the materials, methods, and strategies employed are essential factors in students’ abilities to read. In their inquiry study, the authors examined the congruence between the content of preservice literacy methods courses at their college and the practices of recent alumni. Although practice varied for each teacher, alumni students emphasized some components of reading over others, often because those components were stressed in their college courses. These findings led the authors to rethink why and how reading methods are taught to preservice teachers.     

Telephone Interviewing Practices within Academic Libraries

This study explores the use of telephone interviews within academic libraries by surveying the 112 academic institutional members of the Association of Research Libraries to identify how telephone interviews are utilized. By comparing the literature to the research results, the authors conclude with best practices for telephone interviews.     

When parenting does not ‘come naturally’: providers’ perspectives on parenting education for incarcerated mothers and fathers

Learning to parent sensitively and safely can be challenging for adults with childhood abuse and neglect experiences. Such childhood experiences are prevalent among incarcerated parents whose ability to parent their own children is also limited by separation from them. Several prisons have developed programs to foster pro-social parenting skills among incarcerated mothers and fathers to assist them on release. This paper reports a qualitative research study that explored the factors affecting the delivery and outcomes of parenting programs in correctional facilities in New South Wales Australia from the perspective of individuals involved in developing and implementing the programs. Thematic analysis of 19 interviews identified two main themes: supporting parents’ learning in correctional settings and providers’ learning about parent education in correctional settings. Respondents reported the benefits of providing creative learning opportunities enabling parents to build on their strengths and to develop relationships. These factors contributed to changing prisoners’ attitudes and supporting them to consider alternative parenting approaches. The co-productive approach to parent education supported enhanced parenting knowledge among parents and greater insights among educators. Parenting education can be successfully delivered in correctional settings and can assist incarcerated parents to build on existing knowledge and adapt it to their own needs.     

Economies of scale and scope in Australian higher education

This paper estimates economies of scale and scope for 36 Australian universities using a multiple-input, multiple-output cost function over the period 1998–2006. The three inputs included in the analysis are full-time equivalent academic and non-academic staff and physical capital. The five outputs are undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD completions, national competitive and industry grants, and publications. The findings indicate that ray economies of scale hold up to about 120% of current mean output though product-specific economies of scale hold only for undergraduate teaching. Global economies of scope prevail in the sector, increasing with the level of mean output, while product-specific economies of scope arise for all outputs except publications. A cost efficiency index constructed using the sector benchmark indicates that the universities of Ballarat, Southern Cross and Flinders have a high level of cost efficiency, while New South Wales, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and James Cook are cost inefficient.