学科论

学科是主体为了教育或发展的需要通过自身认知结构与客体结构(包括原结构和次级结构)的互动而形成的一种具有一定知识范畴的逻辑体系,它具有创造知识、系统管理和全面育人的功能和价值。研究对象、研究方法及学科体系是构成学科的三个基本要素。教育是学科产生的原动力,教育不仅具有选择学科的功能,而且还有创造学科的功能。学科论研究,有助于丰富和发展教育科学,使教育改革特别是课程改革建立在比较坚实的学科理论基础之上,而且还有利于各学科之间的沟通和共同发展。     

Impact of Parenting Practices on Adolescent Achievement: Authoritative Parenting, School Involvement, and Encouragement to Succeed

This article examines the impact of authoritative parenting, parental involvement in schooling, and parental encouragement to succeed on adolescent school achievement in an ethnically and socio-economically heterogeneous sample of approximately 6,400 American 14-18-year-olds. Adolescents reported in 1987 on their parents' general child-rearing practices and on their parents' achievement-specific socialization behaviors. In 1987, and again in 1988, data were collected on several aspects of the adolescents' school performance and school engagement. Authoritative parenting (high acceptance, supervision, and psychological autonomy granting) leads to better adolescent school performance and stronger school engagement. The positive impact of authoritative parenting on adolescent achievement, however, is mediated by the positive effect of authoritativeness on parental involvement in schooling. In addition, nonauthoritativeness attenuates the beneficial impact of parental involvement in schooling on adolescents achievement. Parental involvement is much more likely to promote adolescent school success when it occurs in the context of an authoritative home environment.     

现代学校制度初论

现代学校应建立起一套完整的现代学校教育制度体系,其内涵是能够适应市场经济和建设学习型社会的基本要求,以学校法人制度和新型的政、校关系为基础,依法治校,专家管理,民主参与,社会合作,促进学校可持续发展。为此,要加强理论研究和实践探索,分区域、分阶段地实验推行,使我国基础教育尽快走向现代、开放。     

Seeking Help in a Foreign Land: International Students' Use Patterns for a U.S. University Counseling Center

This archival study examined the use of a university counseling center's services by international students during a 5‐year period. Variables analyzed included clients' presenting concerns, students' demographic characteristics, number of counseling sessions attended, and reasons for termination. Implications for counselor training, outreach activities, and counseling services on college campuses are discussed.     

论高等教育学的学科定位

学科不仅是一种知识理论体系,同时也是一种社会建制。我国高等教育学的学科建制发展迅速,但其学科定位一直没有得到很好解决。从学科逻辑和社会需求逻辑两方面分析发现,当今的高等教育学已经突破了教育学的学科框架,不是隶属于教育学的一个研究领域,而是一个独立的研究领域,因此,将高等教育学列为教育学的二级学科已不能适应高等教育学学科知识发展需要,高等教育学需发展成为独立于教育学的一级学科。     

在国家发展全局中谋划好发展好教育事业

在经济社会发展全局中,要确立教育优先发展的战略地位。贯彻落实《教育规划纲要》,推动教育事业优先发展、科学发展、协调发展,需要坚持满足好基本公共服务与多元选择服务两类需求,坚持运用好宏观调控与市场机制两种手段,坚持兼顾好促进公平与提高质量两大主题,坚持发挥好中央和地方两个积极性,坚持处理好当前和长远两方面关系。     

A Consumer‐Driven Approach to Increase Suggestive Selling

Several research articles have been published demonstrating the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in improving suggestive selling behavior of sales staff (e.g., Johnson & Masotti, 1990; Martinko, White, & Hassell, 1989; Mirman, 1982; Ralis & O'Brien, 1986). Procedures employed in these studies made use of two classes of personnel to implement the intervention: (1) personnel internal to the organization or (2) external consultants. The current study examined the efficacy of a consumer‐driven approach to improve suggestive selling behavior of three employees of a fast food franchise. Customers delivered either a verbal prompt or praise to an employee after they had placed their order. Delivery of a prompt or praise depended on whether or not the employee made a suggestion for an additional food purchase. This consumer‐driven intervention increased suggestive selling behaviors of all three employees, and was associated with higher suggestive sales in each case.     

The Contextual Importance of Diversity: The Impact of Relational Demography and Team Diversity on Individual Performance and Satisfaction

ABSTRACT : Organizations are seeing an increase in the level and types of diversity among their employees. It is important that managers understand the myriad of ways that diversity influences employees. This study investigates the effect of being different on an individual's performance and satisfaction levels. Being different on visible characteristics (i.e., sex, age, race) predicted negative outcomes. Being different on informational characteristics (educational background, years of work experience) had both positive and negative effects on objective performance but no effect on satisfaction or perceived performance. The level of team diversity (the degree to which a team is heterogeneous and homogeneous) influenced the outcomes above and beyond that of being different. The results of this study have real consequences for the way diversity is managed in organizations.